Will rail need subsidies for years?
Measure says system to operate without future public funding
LOS ANGELES — When a Spanish firm submitted a bid last year to help build the California bullet train, it cautioned that taxpayer money probably would be needed to keep the system operating.
Having reviewed data on 111 high-speed train lines around the world, construction giant Ferrovial said, it found that all but three could not make ends meet.
“More than likely, the California high-speed rail will require large government subsidies for years to come,” the proposal said.
That warning, however, was expunged from the version of Ferrovial’s proposal posted on the state’s website. The only record of it was on a data disk provided to the Los Angeles Times and others under a public records act request.
The state rail authority repeatedly has asserted that it will not need a subsidy and that every highspeed system in the world operates without taxpayer assistance — despite significant evidence to the contrary. A number of projects around the world have failed financially, others require direct operating subsidies and many more benefit from government taxes and regulations on competing airline and highway systems, according to audits, studies and interviews.
But in asking taxpayers to help build the Los Angeles-to-San Francisco line, officials assured that the state would be able to pay the operating costs purely from the system’s revenues — and thus not sap money needed for social services, education or other projects.
When California voters committed the $9 billion in bonds in 2008, the measure stipulated that the system would have to operate without future public funding.
But neither officials nor the law defined what constitutes a subsidy.
It is unclear, for example, whether future interest payments on bonds and other debt that will be paid by taxpayers for the California bullet train amount to an operating subsidy. Those eventually could amount to hundreds of millions — or even billions — of dollars, according to Martin Wachs, a UCLA professor who serves on a state-appointed peer-review panel on the project.
“I don’t think it is realistic to argue that doesn’t constitute a subsidy,” he said. “I think the citizens of California would be wellserved to know whether the system will cover its costs ... or not.”
Asked about the change in the Spanish firm’s proposal, which came from Ferrovial’s Cintra subsidiary, high-speed rail spokeswoman Lisa Marie Alley said the authority had requested a “clarification” because California officials had never before seen the data submitted by the company.
The amended document, which was posted online, removed any mention of foreign system subsidies. Instead, it said California would be unlikely to handle the construction cost of a high-speed rail line without a subsidy, an issue that has never been disputed.
At the time, Ferrovial was bidding to build a 22mile segment of the rail system south of Fresno. In January, the rail authority announced that the company had submitted the low bid of $348 million and it was later awarded the contract.
The change in Ferrovial’s proposal was first noticed this spring by Morris Brown, a Bay Area resident and former Caltech chemistry professor who closely monitors documents and statements issued by the bullet train authority.
Brown said that the passage dealing with subsidies appeared to be the only change to the original document contained on the data disk and the subsequent online version.
In April, rail authority Chairman Dan Richard assured skeptical legislators during a hearing that they shouldn’t worry. Assemblyman Jim Patterson, RFresno, asked Richard, “Do you know of any high-speed rail operations around the world that make substantial profit?”
Richard answered, “Actually all of them, virtually all of them, make operating profit.” He defined that as being able to cover costs after the expenditure of capital to build the systems.
“Ha, OK,” Patterson said.
The prohibition on subsidies was pushed in 2008 by former state Senate transportation staffer Art Bauer.
“It was put in to ensure the high-speed rail would be run with discipline, protect the general fund and protect transit operating subsidies,” he said. “The transit riders are lower-income people.”
The assertion that similar systems around the world do not get subsidies is broadly disputed.
“It is very easy to falsify a claim like ‘Every HSR system in the world collects revenues that cover their cost,’” said Bent Flyvbjerg, a University of Oxford business professor and one of the world’s leading experts on bullet trains.
Flyvbjerg noted that a number of systems became insolvent after starting operations, including the English Channel tunnel train system and the Oslo airport train. The Gautrain in South Africa is subsidized, he said. And a national government audit of the Arlanda Express airport link in Stockholm found that agencies had secretly supported the money-losing system.
A 2015 study by Spain’s Foundation for the Studies of Applied Economics concluded that the nation’s massive investments in high-speed rail were not yielding economic benefits to businesses or individuals. Gerard Llobet, the lead author, said in an email exchange that he obtained data showing that the system’s northern line did not cover its operating expenses, separate from repayment of capital.
A study of international high-speed rail systems by four Silicon Valley financial experts — including Stanford University Professor Emeritus Alain Enthoven and former World Bank executive William Grindley — found that California’s system could be among the worst-performing in the world.
Its prospective fares would be the lowest on a permile basis, driven by a need to compete with the state’s cutthroat airline market. The California bullet train could be profitable only if it also had the world’s lowest per-mile costs, roughly one-fourth that of the typical European system, the report said. But given the costs of doing business in California, that is not likely, Grindley said.
“The authority,” the report said, “is in a trap of their making.”