Venezuelans dream of an end to exile
While many long for home, some unsure about returning
CUCUTA, Colombia — Next year in Caracas?
As Venezuela’s opposition rekindles street protests and builds powerful international support, the millions who fled are redirecting their gaze toward their beloved homeland in hopes that their exile will prove shortlived.
Diomira Becerra has been watching the events unfold from Colombia, eyeing every development for a hint of how soon she might be able to pack her bags. She left three years ago and has built a life for her family in the border city of Cucuta. But the country that took them in has never quite felt like home.
“I don’t know how it’s going to happen, but next Christmas will be in Venezuela,” Becerra said.
The high expectations of an exile community that is over 3 million strong are fueling a renewed push from abroad to bring about change in Venezuela. Some like Becerra are tempted to return already, wanting to join in protests. Others, like exiled lawmaker Gaby Arellano, are playing a key role in collecting humanitarian aid. Even many who left long ago and cannot see themselves returning have begun imagining how they might contribute to Venezuela’s recovery.
“I want to put in my little grain of sand,” said Pedro Morales, a gastroenterologist who has lived in Miami for over two decades.
In the throes of an economic downturn worse than the U.S. Great Depression, Venezuela will need the knowledge, contacts and financial resources many exiles took with them. One prominent economist predicts Venezuela will need a $60 billion cash infusion just to begin a turnaround. At least a small portion of that could come from exiles eager to invest in Venezuelan businesses, send remittances or buy property.
And yet even as Venezuelans like Becerra daydream of spending next Christmas back home with relatives they haven’t seen in years, they are also steeling themselves for the possibility that Nicolas Maduro will manage to keep his grip on power. One month after opposition leader Juan Guaido declared himself Venezuela’s interim president, the military has shown little sign that it plans to revolt against Maduro.
At least four people were killed and 300 injured over the weekend when clashes broke out between state security forces, armed pro-government groups and the opposition as they tried to bring food and medical supplies into the country.
Like the exile group they most resemble — Cubans — Venezuelans are all too aware that their current status as emigres could become a permanent condition. Cubans for decades toasted to “Next year in Cuba,” a cry that is uttered less and less as their exile from the communist island drags into its 60th year.
Each time Becerra gets the urge to pack her bags, she talks herself out of it. Her daughter and mother, a cancer patient, are comfortable in Colombia. An opposition activist, she wonders if pro-Maduro compatriots might still hold a grudge against her. In her mind, she questions if she’d even be returning to the same country.
“It has been 20 years of this,” she said. “How do you change 20 years?”
Venezuelans began fleeing two decades ago, when revolutionary Hugo Chavez rose to power, in a familiar pattern: Those with money and connections fled first, often to the United States, while the poorer left later, by bus and on foot to Colombia.
The exodus of Venezuelans is now one of the largest mass migrations in the world — an estimated 5,000 cross into Colombia every day, about the same size as the entire migrant caravan from Central America to the U.S. last fall. The United Nations estimates there are 3.4 million Venezuelans abroad.
A study of 2013 Census Bureau data by the Pew Hispanic Center found that Venezuelans in the U.S. have higher levels of education than the general population and a higher median income than most Latinos in the country, an indicator of the skill sets and capital they can contribute to their homeland. Unlike the Cubans who fled decades ago, many still have fresh memories of Venezuela and want to put their knowledge to use.
“There is a lot of international know-how waiting outside Venezuela,” said Daniel Lansberg-Rodriguez, a Venezuela expert who teaches at Northwestern University.
Past experience shows that once a Latin American emigre has been abroad for more than five years, they are very unlikely to return, said Manuel Orozco, director of the Migration, Remittances and Development Program at The Inter-American Dialogue in Washington.
But other countries that have experienced protracted domestic conflicts saw a boom in remittances once political stability was restored and Venezuela could too, if a more effective payment network is established, Orozco said. Still, he warned, it will fall short of what is needed by a nation in such dire straits.
“The diaspora think they can just come and redo the country in a short period of time — it’s just not going to be that way,” he said.
Frank Carreno, an actor and businessman, said that after 15 years in Miami, where his immediate family is now all located, he wouldn’t move back. But he would like to open a business in Venezuela as he did 10 years ago when he set up three vocal training studios. He closed them in 2013 as the country’s economic crisis began to sink in.
Others, like Gabriela Alvarez, 32, who has lived in Madrid for the last two years, envision themselves returning but want more than just political change. She said she’d want Venezuela’s crime rate— among the highest in the world — to improve and to be assured that she and her family could get adequate medical care.
“Venezuela needs us,” said Alvarez, who used to work as a producer at a Venezuelan television channel. “The best thing we could do is return to help the country recover.”
Venezuelans abroad are already playing a key role in helping Guaido consolidate his position as the country’s interim president. In the years leading up to his proclamation in January, dozens of opposition leaders fled under the threat of arrest. They used their platform outside Venezuela to raise awareness with international leaders and are now helping execute Guaido’s mandates, like finding ways to gather humanitarian aid.
“Exile feels isolating, but we’ve been able to reinvent ourselves,” said exiled lawmaker turned activist Arellano.
Becerra, who can see the Venezuelan mountains from her new home in Cucuta, said her young daughter Hillary often asks when they can go back.
Becerra struggles with how to respond: “How do I explain to my 7-year-old daughter that the country she remembers doesn’t exist anymore?”