US plans update to citizenship test
Scrutiny expected as the executive branch controls the exam
WASHINGTON — If you were to take the test to become a U.S. citizen tomorrow, you might be asked to name one of five U.S. territories, or two of the rights contained in the Declaration of Independence, or to provide the correct number of amendments to the Constitution.
The naturalization test is a crucial part of an immigrant’s journey to becoming an American. And, according to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, it is meant not just as a measure of U.S. civics knowledge, but also as a reason to study and absorb the principles, values and functions of the U.S. government, including the rights and responsibilities that come with citizenship.
(Question No. 49: What is one responsibility that is only for United States’ citizens? Answer: “serve on a jury” or “vote in a federal election.”)
The Trump administration is planning to update the test, with a new version slated to debut before the end of President Donald Trump’s first term, officials said. A pilot test should be available this fall.
USCIS officials are offering few details about the changes to the test, which was last revised 11 years ago. Officers who administer the exam now choose as many as 10 questions to ask each applicant from a list of 100 in three categories: American Government, American History and Integrated Civics (geography, symbols and holidays.) The questions are published and available for all to study.
With the executive branch able to control the test, and with Trump making it clear that he wants to dramatically change the nation’s immigration policies and laws, how the White House approaches new questions or the test’s format could become an object of scrutiny.
“Isn’t everybody always paranoid that this is used for ulterior purposes?” said USCIS Acting Director Ken Cuccinelli, an immigration hard-liner and former Virginia attorney general who Trump appointed last month. “Of course they’re going to be sorely disappointed when it just looks like another version of a civics exam.”
In the first 2 1⁄2 years of his presidency, Trump has slashed the number of refugees admitted to the United States; banned thousands of would-be immigrants based on their nationality in a handful of majority-Muslim countries; made it more difficult to qualify for asylum; and proposed a visa system overhaul that would prioritize immigrants with advanced degrees, Englishlanguage skills and deep pockets.
In a series of tweets last week, Trump also sought to draw a line between the kinds of rights enjoyed by existing U.S. citizens, distinguishing between four minority Democratic Congresswomen, whom, he claimed, “originally came from countries whose governments are a complete and total catastrophe” and “the people of the United States.” Many critics have said the president was suggesting that the former had little or no right to criticize the latter.
(Question No. 51: What are two rights of everyone living in the United States? Answer: freedom of expression, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom to petition the government, freedom of religion, or the right to bear arms.)
Readers of Trump’s tweets have also pointed out that only one of the four Congresswomen he was tweeting about is foreignborn, and that, like all members of Congress, they are U.S. citizens.
(Question No. 50: Name one right only for United States citizens. Answers: “vote in a federal election” or “run for federal office.”)
USCIS officials described the forthcoming test revision as a benign act; a rewording or reshuffling or reconsideration of some questions in alignment with adult education standards and best practices, which, they said, mandate regular updates to standardized tests.
Hundreds of thousands of people become naturalized U.S. citizens every year. Last year, USCIS naturalized more than 750,000 people, a five-year high. Immigration attorneys have said there is an increasingly long application processing time, and there is a record backlog that has grown dramatically since 2016. A foreign national has to be a legal permanent resident of the United States for at least five years before applying for citizenship.
The questions are developed in consultation with middle school and high school curriculums across all 50 states, according to USCIS. An applicant must get at least six out of 10 correct to pass. The average pass rate on the naturalization test is 90%, according to USCIS data.
A survey last year by the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation found that of 1,000 U.S. citizens questioned, just 1 in 3 would pass the naturalization test. Khizr Khan — the Gold Star father who Trump attacked during the 2016 campaign — publicly challenged Trump to take the test.
Question No. 91 asks applicants to name one U.S. territory; Trump has referred to the governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands — one of the correct answers — as the “president” of the Caribbean territory, and he has complained that Puerto Rico — another correct answer — has gotten too much aid “from USA.” Hogan Gidley, a White House spokesman, has twice referred to Puerto Rico as “that country.” (The three other correct answers would be American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands and Guam.)