TODAY IN HISTORY

1777

The first Battle of Saratoga was fought during the Revolutionary War; although British forces succeeded in driving out the American troops, the Americans prevailed in a second battle the following month.

1796

President George Washington’s farewell address was published. In it, America’s first chief executive advised, “Observe good faith and justice toward all nations. Cultivate peace and harmony with all.”

1881

The 20th president of the United States, James A. Garfield, died 21⁄2 months after being shot by Charles Guiteau; Chester Alan Arthur became president.

1945

Nazi radio propagandist William Joyce, known as “Lord Haw-haw,” was convicted of treason and sentenced to death by a British court.

1957

The United States conducted its first contained underground nuclear test, code-named “Rainier,” in the Nevada desert.