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“In my country, the people can do as they like, although it often happens that they don’t like what they have done.”
— Winston Churchill, 1946
LONDON>> During the Second World War, as U.S. power was eclipsing Britain’s, Harold Macmillan, a future prime minister, reportedly said, “These Americans represent the new Roman Empire and we Britons, like the Greeks of old, must teach them how to make it go.” Today, Britain’s Brexit agonies — its 2½ -year struggle to disentangle itself from the European Union — indicate that the Founders could teach 21st-century Britain something: Direct democracy is dangerous because public sentiments need to be refined by filtration through deliberative institutions.
A June 2016 referendum endorsed (52 percent to 48 percent) exiting the E.U. Implementing this has, however, become messier than anyone, especially voters, anticipated. During one House of Commons debate on Brexit, a Conservative member said that democracy is like sex — if it isn’t messy, you’re not doing it right. However, messiness is not proof of correctness.
European unification was conceived in fear — Europeans’ fear of themselves, a residue of wars produced by various atavisms, including unhinged nationalism. For decades, Britain’s Tories have been bitterly divided about the project of “harmonizing” political practices and economic policies, with a probable consequence of homogenized national cultures. The embryo of the E.U. was a free-trade zone — a single market. But as the unification project became more ambitious, it required the derogation of national parliaments and, hence, of nations’ sovereignties. So, in 1988, Margaret Thatcher voiced what became Conservative Euroskeptics’ cri de coeur: “We have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain, only to see them reimposed at a European level with a European superstate exercising a new dominance from Brussels.”
Hoping to cauterize the Conservative Party’s long-festering wound, in 2016, then-Prime Minister David Cameron succumbed to the plebiscitary temptation, scheduling the referendum that he believed Remain would win. It lost, he resigned, and Theresa May, who had voted Remain, became prime minister. She called an election expecting to increase her parliamentary majority and, thus, her leverage in negotiating terms of divorce from the E.U. Instead, she lost her majority and was forced into an alliance with a Northern Ireland party.
It is dismaying that most of the binding law in Britain comes from the European Commission in Brussels. But why, with its primacy at stake, did Parliament punt one of the most momentous decisions in British history to a referendum? The bedrock principle of representative government is that “the people” do not decide issues, they decide who shall decide. And once a legislature sloughs off responsibility and resorts to a referendum on the dubious premise that the simple way to find out what people want is to ask them, it is difficult to avoid recurring episodes of plebiscitary democracy.
Last October, 700,000 people marched in London demanding a second referendum, which would indeed be based on better information: Few who voted Leave nearly 31 months ago had any inkling of the complexity of unwinding decades of ever-thickening legal relationships. May contends that another referendum would “break faith with the British people.” This, however, postulates a false clarity about what the Leave-voting majority willed. May favors “delivering the Brexit people voted for,” but even the political leaders who favored Brexit voted simply for leaving, the details — wherein the devil always is — be damned.
A second referendum would have to offer a binary choice, lest there be an unhelpful plurality outcome. But should the choice be: “Hard Brexit” (no agreement about future relations with the 27 E.U. members) vs. May’s agreement? Her agreement vs. remaining in the European Union? Hard Brexit vs. remain?
Though the deal May negotiated addresses.immigration anxieties by ending the free movement of people between Britain and the E.U., and limits payments to the E.U. and subjection to the European Court of Justice, Britain would remain indefinitely subject to many E.U. regulations and some assessments — but without the ability to shape them. On Tuesday, Parliament probably will resoundingly reject the deal. The 73 days until the March 29 deadline for leaving the E.U. will be eventful.
In 2016, a majority of voters over the age of 43 favored leaving; a majority of those younger favored remaining. Since then, mortality has taken many Leavers, and many young people have joined the electorate. So, demography, combined with a new understanding of Brexit’s certain costs and myriad uncertainties, could cause 2016’s big bang that began Brexit to end with a 2019 whimper of a referendum saying, “Oh, never mind.”