The Register Citizen (Torrington, CT)
CALENDAR
Wednesday, Jan. 31
WELCOME WEDNESDAYS: St. Peter/St. Francis School is celebrating Catholic Schools Month during January with a Welcome Wednesdays program. On Jan. 17, 24 and 31 visitors may visit the science and technology labs, sit in on PE classes, visit individual classrooms from PreK to 8 and meet teachers, learn about afterschool programs as well as extracurricular activities. Contact the school for more information at 860-489-4177.
WATER INFORMATION MEETINGS: There will be an information meeting for stakeholders including the Woodridge Lake Association and the Torrington Water Company along with the City Council and WPCA on Wednesday, Jan. 31 at 6:30 p.m. There is no public portion at this meeting although the public is invited to attend to learn more about the proposal. A public hearing on the Woodridge Lake Association proposal is scheduled for Tuesday, Feb. 20 at 6:30 p.m. Both meetings will take place in City Hall auditorium.
BRAIN GAMES: Brain Games with Jennifer at the Winsted Senior Center, Jan. 31, 1 p.m. Join the monthly group and challenge your memory and attention with brain fitness activities and exercises while having lots of fun. New games will be introduced each month. Free, registration required 860-379-4252
BINGO: Sons of Italy, Center Street, Torrington, hosts bingo games on Wednesdays, 4-9:30 p.m. with dinner at 5 and calling at 6. For information, call the lodge at 860-489-1226.
BINGO: St. Joseph’s Roman Catholic Church holds weekly bingo games at St. Anthony School, Oak Street, Winsted, on Wednesdays. Doors open at 5 p.m. with refreshments and snacks for sale. Games begin at 6:35 p.m. Progressive jackpots. For information call the church at 860379-3369.
Thursday, Feb. 1
WOMEN’S FORUM: The Women’s Forum of Litchfield welcomes all to “A Life in Fashion and Beyond” on Feb. 1, 2:30 p.m. at the Litchfield Community Center, 421 Bantam Road, Litchfield. The event welcomees non-Forum members with a $10 fee at the door, which includes a High Tea reception. For more information call 860-567-3966 or go to womensforumoflitchfield.org.
GARDEN CLUB MEETING: The Goshen Garden Club will hold its next meeting Feb. 1 at Goshen Church of Christ Congregational, 5 Old Middle St. Goshen. Lunch at 12 p.m, business meeting at 1 p.m., will be followed by a Rosebud pomander ball demonstration and workshop. Some members will be making these balls following instructions. $5 donation for non-members. For more information go to goshengardenclub.org or call 860-6180267.
SONGS FOR A WINTER NIGHT: Songs for a Winter Night Concert at Gunn Memorial Library will be held Feb. 1, 6:30 p.m. in the Wykeham Room. Snow date is Feb. 8. Pianist Sandy Kleisner and mezzo soprano Janelle Anne Robinson will perform a variety of opera arias and leider, as well as musical theatre numbers. The concert is free. To register, email gunnprograms@biblio.org or call 860-868-7586
SQUADRON MEETING: A meeting of the Northwest Hills Composite Squadron Civil Air Patrol Auxiliary of the United States Air Force will be held Thursday, 7-9 p.m. at the Torrington Armory South Main Street. For information, call Cmdr. Tim Ceritello at 860-620-3670 or email timceritello@gmail.com.
CHESS CLUB: The Litchfield County Chess Club meets Thursdays at the Torrington Library, 12 Daycoeton Place, Torrington, from 5:30 to 7:45 p.m. on Thursdays. The informal club has held several meetings. Membership is free — just show up and play. Adults, teens and older children with an adult are welcome. There are plenty of boards and pieces, or bring your own. For information, call Alan at 850-430-9317.
DUPLICATE BRIDGE: Duplicate Bridge at the Sullivan Senior Center, East Albert Street, Torrington, Thursdays from 8:30 a.m. to noon. For information, call John Townsend at 860-567-0671. Leave a message, he will return your call. Bringing a partner is encouraged but not required. Games are now free of charge.
Friday, Feb. 2
THEATER FUNDRAISER: The Falls Village Children’s Theater’s Honey Talk Dinner and a Dance Fundraiser, an evening of food, song and dance at The Center on Main, 103 Main Street, Falls Village, will be held Feb. 2, 7-10:30 p.m. For information and tickets, go to www.fvct.org
GO RED FOR WOMEN: Go Red for Women, a program presented by Charlotte Hungerford Hospital on Feb. 2 will highlight symptoms of heart disease and prevention methods for women with free blood pressure screenings, giveaways, tips, and information on heart disease from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. in the hospital cafeteria. The hospital food service will have heart healthy options to purchase for lunch. Attendees encouraged to wear red to help raise awareness.
MILK AND COOKIES: Milk & Cookies Club at the Oliver Wolcott Library, 160 South St., Litchfield, begins Jan. 19 and continues on Fridays through Feb. 23, 3:30-4:30 p.m. for grades K-6. Meet Paddington Bear, a teddy bear that was found at a train station in London. Each week enjoy a peanut-free snack while Mrs. Shaia reads a chapter from Paddington Takes the Test aloud. Each child gets a complimentary copy of the book. Library events are free and open to the public. Space is limited. Registration is required and can be done by calling 860-5678030 or visiting owlibrary.org and clicking on Events/Children’s Events.
Saturday, Feb. 3
HANDMADE VALENTINES: Led by professional artist Dita Carley, Flanders Nature Center & Land Trust, Woodbury, offers a workshop on handmade collage valentines, Feb. 3, 10 a.m. at Flanders Studio. $20 members, $25 guests, plus $5 materials fee. Register online at www.flandersnaturecenter.org or call 203-263-3711, ext. 10, for more information.
CONTRA DANCE: A Community Contra Dance will be held Feb. 3, 7 p.m. at Cornwall Town Hall in Cornwall, with music Still, the Homegrown Band, and clear calling by Peter Stix. All ages and beginners welcome, no partner necessary. Donation requested to pay the caller. For more information call Jane @860-6726101 or go to motherhouse.us. VETERAN OF THE MONTH: American Legion Post 44 of Bantam will honor United States Marine Corps Lieutenant James Fields Mayenschein, uncle to Bryan Simmons of Litchfield, at the February Veteran of the Month ceremony, Feb 3, 10 a.m. at Bantam Borough Hall on Route 202. Public is welcome; a receptio follows at the hall. For information contact: post44.bantam@gmail.com
BINGO: Sons of Italy, Center Street, Torrington, hosts bingo games Saturday, 4-9:30 p.m. Doors open at 4 p.m., games begin at 6 p.m. For information, call the lodge at 860-489-1226.
LIBRARY DAY: Take Your Child to the Library Day at the Burnham Library, Bridgewater, Feb. 3, 10-11:30 a.m. Snacks, crafts, reading, music and dancing and other children’s activities, for ages 10 and under, free and open to all. For information call 860-354-6937 or visit www.burnhamlibrary.org.
WILDLIFE TRACKING: Winter Wildlife Tracking with Andy Dobos: The Forest Wolf, will be held Feb. 3, 10 a.m.-12 p.m .at White Memorial Conservation Center, Litchfield. Meet at the museum, dress warmly and wear good boots. Cost is $5 for members, $15 guests, registration with payment required. Call 860-567-0857 or go to www.whitememorialcc.org
ICE HARVESTING: Cut It Out: The Local History and Practice of Ice Harvesting, will be held Feb. 3, 11 a.m.-2 p.m. at White Memorial Conservation Center, Litchfield. See the museum’s ice house display, the walk to the old ice house ruins and end with a demonstration. Dress for the weather; hot beverages and treats provided. The program is free, donations welcome. For information call 860-567-0857 or go to www.whitememorialcc.org
POETRY, MUSIC NIGHT: The Kent Memorial Library is hosting another “Evening of Poetry and Music” on Saturday, Feb. 3 from 7-9 p.m. in the Library’s Reading Room. Poet and photographer Karen Chase will again act as hostess for the evening. Everyone is invited and all poets are welcome to participate. For more information, call 860-927-3761 or go to kentmemoriallibrary.org.
AUDUBON BIRD PROGRAM: Audubon Sharon Hawk and Owl Program Live hawks and owls will accompany the Audubon Sharon staff to demonstrate their beauty, power and connection with the natural world at the Scoville Memorial Library, Salisbury, Feb. 3 at 11 a.m. Similarities and differences of these amazing birds of prey will be discussed. The program is free; for details and to register go to scovillelibrary.org.
GARDEN COLOR: Scoville Library, 4 p.m. Jazzing Up the Garden with Color, Contrast and Movement: presented by garden writer, photographer and designer Karen Bussolini, will be held Feb. 3, 4 p.m. at the Scoville Library, Salisbury. The photographic presentation shows simple, intuitive ways to make exciting plant combinations and describes dozens of exciting plant combinations photographed in gardens across the country. The program is free; for details and to register go to scovillelibrary.org
ART SHOW RECEPTION: A solo show of paintings by Robert Patrick Coombs, “Places I remember ...” opens Feb. 3, 5-7 p.m. at the Gallery @SHS at the Sharon Historical Society & Museum. The show runs through March 15. The opening wine and hors d’oeuvres reception is open to the public, free of charge. A portion of all purchases support the Sharon Historical Society & Museum’s mission. For more information and directions to Gallery SHS, call 860-364-5688.
TREE TAPPING DAY: Tree tapping day, weather permitting, is scheduled for Saturday, Feb. 3, 9:30 a.m. at Flanders Nature Center, Woodbury. No experience is needed and all ages and families are welcome to come to help out. Pre-regis-
tration is requested for planning purposes. Tree tappper volunteers will meet at the Flanders Sugar House. These events are free with donations welcome. Volunteers are also needed to collect sap and help out; to register or for more information, call 203-263-3711, ext. 10.
Sunday, Feb. 4
LIBRARY PASSPORT PROGRAM: Oliver Wolcott Library’s Passport Program, for ages 3-10, begins Jan. 8 and continues through Feb. 28. Travel the world through OWL’s book stacks - for free. Library events are free and open to the public. Space is limited. Registration is required and can be done by calling 860-567-8030 or visiting owlibrary.org and clicking on Events/Children’s Events.
FIRST SUNDAY CONCERT: St. Michael’s Parish, 25 South St., Litchfield, will present a concert by The Elqui Trio on Sunday, Feb. 4, 4 p.m., part of the First Sundays at Four series. Tickets $20, a meet-the-artist reception will follow. For more information call 860-567-9465
NORTHWEST KID ROCK: Torrington Parks and Recreation is now accepting registrations for the 2018 Northwest Kid Rock Contest, open to youth ages 8 to 14 from Torrington and surrounding towns. Past winners are not eligible to participate. Application forms are available at the Torrington Library Parks and Recreation office or under Parks and Recreation on www.torringtonct.org, due by Feb. 23, auditions March 3 at Coe Memorial Park Civic Center. Finals on Saturday, March 17 at 6 p.m. Prizes awarded to top recipients.
Monday, Feb. 5
MONDAY SCHOLARS: Monday Scholars: Creative Writing: The Craft of Character, With Professor Amy Bloom and facilitated by Patricia Moore, will be held at the Oliver Wolcott Library, 160 South St., Litchfield, Mondays, Feb. 5, 12, 26, 12:30-2 p.m. Each week, watch 30 minutes of Amy Bloom’s teaching, then do 30 minutes of writing using the tools we learned that day, and the final 30 minutes of each class will be spent sharing our work. Join librarian Patricia Moore as she facilitates this online course. Library events are free and open to the public; space is limited. Registration is required and can be done by calling 860-567-8030
SPELLING CLUB: Spelling Club will meet Feb. 5, 12 and 26, 3:30-4:30 p.m. at the Oliver Wolcott Library, 160 South St., Litchfield, for grades 4-8. Gather with classmates after school and learn the word bank for the Litchfield Spelling Bee. Students will be grouped by age and led in their preparation by Mrs. Shaia and a team of Litchfield Education Foundation members. Participation in the Spelling Bee is not mandatory. Library events are free and open to the public. Space is limited. Registration is required and can be done by calling 860-567-8030 or visiting owlibrary.org and clicking on Events/Children’s Events.
MONDAY MATINEE SERIES: Gunn Memorial Library in Washington, continues the Monday Matinee Series for the month of February. Bring a friend and join us for these free screenings, Mondays at 1 p.m. Feb. 5, Battle of the Sexes; Feb. 12, Mark Felt: The Man that Brought Down the White House; Feb. 26, Goodbye Christopher Robin. Registration is required; email gunnprograms@biblio.org or call. 860-868-7586.
Tuesday, Feb. 6
COLLEGE ADMISSIONS: College Counselor Francesca Morrissey, of Independent College Counseling Services in New Milford, will lead a workshop Winning the College Admissions Game, Feb. 6, 6 p.m. at the Gunn Memorial Library in Washington. The snow date is Feb. 13. Register at gunnprograms@biblio.org or 860-8687586.
LIBRARY DAY: Take your Child to the Library Day will be held Feb. 6 at the Morris Public Library, with a preschool story hour at 10 a.m., thematic book displays, and activities. Stop by at the Library to borrow a new book, enjoya story, complete a craft in the children’s area and celebrate with the librarians. Every child will receive a prize. For information, call 860-567-7440 or go to www.morrispubliclibrary.net
HATHA YOGA: Hatha Yoga Classes — Breathe, stretch and deeply relax with Barbara Putnam, Tuesdays, Feb. 6, 13, 20, 27, 5:30-6:45 p.m. at Wisdom House, Litchfield. All levels welcome. For more information or to register: bdputnam@alum.mit.edu or call 860-567-4465 to register.
WRITING SHORTS STORIES: Author Janet Blauvelt will teach Writing Short Stories on Tuesdaysm Feb. 6-March 13, 1-2:30 p.m. at the Litchfield Community Center. Write a 55 word short story during each class and hone your ability to create setting, characters, conflict and resolution. Class is free with a donation to the Litchfield Community Center. Pre-registration is required by calling 860-5678302 or visit www.thecommunitycenter.org.
Wednesday, Feb. 7
COOKBOOK CLUB: The Cookbook Club, “Cooking from South America,” at the Oliver Wolcott Library, 160 South St., Litchfield, Feb. 7, 6:30-7:30 p.m. Library events are free and open to the public. Space is limited. Registration is required and can be done by calling 860-5678030 or visiting owlibrary.org and clicking on Events/Adult Events.
HOMEMADE VALENTINES: Make Your Own Valentine on Feb. 7, 10:30 a.m.-12 p.m at the Morris Senior Center. Free. Stop in and create your own Valentine for someone you love or to send to a homebound senior.
UCONN WATCH PARTY: Come to a University of Connecticut Women’s Basketball Game Watch Party, Feb. 7, 6:30 p.m., free, at the Morris Senior Center. Join like-minded Lady Husky fans and watch the women take on the UCF Knights on our 60 ‘ flat screen television. Pizza, snacks, beverages, raffles and more.
ANNUAL MEETING: Annual Meeting for the Torrington Municipal & Teachers Federal Credit Union will be held Feb. 7, 7 p.m. at 777 East Main St., Torrington. All members are encouraged to attend. Election for the Board of Directors will be held. Refreshments will be served. Snow date is March 7.
ESSENTIAL OILS: Power of Essential Oils with Crissie Lauretano will be held at the Morris Public Library on Feb. 7, 6:30 p.m. Snow dates are Feb. 8 and Feb. 21. Free; register at 860-567-7440.
BINGO: Sons of Italy, Center Street, Torrington, hosts bingo games on Wednesdays, 4-9:30 p.m. with dinner at 5 and calling at 6. For information, call the lodge at 860-489-1226.
BINGO: St. Joseph’s Roman Catholic Church holds weekly bingo games at St. Anthony School, Oak Street, Winsted, on Wednesdays. Doors open at 5 p.m. with refreshments and snacks for sale. Games begin at 6:35 p.m. Progressive jackpots. For information call the church at 860379-3369.
Thursday, Feb. 8
SQUADRON MEETING: A meeting of the Northwest Hills Composite Squadron Civil Air Patrol Auxiliary of the United States Air Force will be held Thursday, 7-9 p.m. at the Torrington Armory South Main Street. For information, call Cmdr. Tim Ceritello at 860-620-3670 or email timceritello@gmail.com.
NATURE’S NURSERY: Nature’s Nursery Series, for ages 3-6, is held at the White Memorial Conservation Center’s A.B. Ceder Room, Feb. 8, March 8, April 12, 4-5 p.m. Every session will include a story, an encounter with a live animal, and an activity or craft. Parents are asked to stay. Advanced registration is required. To register, please call 860-567-0857 or visit whitememorialcc.org. Members: $8/child per session, Non-Members: $12/child per session.
CHESS CLUB: The Litchfield County Chess Club meets Thursdays at the Torrington Library, 12 Daycoeton Place, Torrington, from 5:30 to 7:45 p.m. on Thursdays. The informal club has held several meetings. Membership is free — just show up and play. Adults, teens and older children with an adult are welcome. There are plenty of boards and pieces, or bring your own. For information, call Alan at 850-430-9317.
DUPLICATE BRIDGE: Duplicate Bridge at the Sullivan Senior Center, East Albert Street, Torrington, Thursdays from 8:30 a.m. to noon. For information, call John Townsend at 860-567-0671. Leave a message, he will return your call. Bringing a partner is encouraged but not required. Games are now free of charge.
LIVE READING: The Letters Project, A Live Theatrical Reading with Local Actors & Friends, will be held Feb. 8, 6:30-8 p.m. at the Oliver Wolcott Library, 160 South St., Litchfield. Library events are free and open to the public. Space is limited. Registration is required and can be done by calling 860-567-8030 or visiting owlibrary.org and clicking on Events/Adult Events.
WHITE HART SPEAKER SERIES: Scoville Memorial Library Thursday, February 8 6:00 The White Hart Speaker Series: Allen Blagden "Marking the Moment: The Art of Allen Blagden", Feb. 8, 6 p.m. at the White Hart Inn, presented in collaboration with Oblong Books & Music and the Scoville Memorial Library. scovillelibrary.org. Reserve a seat at https:// www.eventbrite.com/e/the-white-hartspeaker-series-allen-blagden-tickets-41319357310
GARDEN CLUB: The Harwinton Garden Club will meet Feb. 8. 7 p.m. at the Harwinton Senior Center, 209 Weingard Rd. The topic will be “Gardening for the Birds,” presented by Cathy Zbuska, who will discuss necessary elements in a bird friendly garden including information on plants, trees, and shrubs that will attract birds. Guests are welcome for $5. For information call 860-485-1108.
Friday, Feb. 9
DRAW-A-THON: Draw-A-Thon Weekend…a Community Event, will be held at Five Points Gallery Annex, 17 Water Street, Torrington, Friday, Feb. 9, 6-9 p.m., and Saturday and Sunday, Feb. 10-11, 1-5 p.m. People of all ages and experience are invited to join in the fun. Paper will be supplied and still-life objects will be available, but the subject matter of the drawings is open. Plan to stay for a short time or attend the whole of each session. Bring your own drawing materials and your creativity; no spray or oil paint permited. Participants will also be invited to help produce a thread installation in the gallery windows. Drawings will be on display until Feb. 24, with a closing reception from 1-5 p.m. with refreshments. For more information, call Five Points Gallery 860-618-7222.
FIVE POINTS GALLERY: An artist’s conversation on the “Still Life Untethered” show at Five Points Gallery, Torrington, will be held Feb. 9 at 6 p.m. All shows and events related to the shows are free and open to the public. The gallery hours are Thursday through Mondays from 1 to 5 p.m.
WRITING RETREAT: Writing into the Dark to the Light, with Davyne Verstanding, will be held at Wisdom House, Litchfield, Feb. 9-11. For more information or to register: www.wisdomhouse.org.
BUBBLES AND TRUFFLES: Mark your calendar for Friday, February 9 and The 2018 edition of Bubbles & Truffles will be held Friday, Feb. 9, 5:30-8 p.m. at Crystal Peak in Winsted. Tickets are $35 per person and are available now from Bubbles & Truffles Committee members, FOMS Board members, Health Food Corner, Morsel Munk, and the Friends of Main Street office. This year, $10 of every ticket sold go toward the installation of a new playscape for Pearson School.
MOVIE MATINEES: Movie Matinee Fridays at the Morris Senior Center are held the second and fourth Friday of each month at 1 p.m. and are free. Jan. 26, Battle of the Sexes. Feb. 9 — Victoria & Abdul, PG-13. Feb. 23 — The Glass Castle, PG-13.
ARTIST TALK: Five Points Gallery, Torrington, will present its next show, Still Live Untethered, Jan. 18-Feb. 24. An Artist Conversation is scheduled for Friday, Feb. 9 at 6 p.m. All shows and events related to the shows are free and open to the public. Gallery hours are Thursday through Mondays from 1 to 5 p.m
MILK AND COOKIES: Milk & Cookies Club at the Oliver Wolcott Library, 160 South St., Litchfield, begins Jan. 19 and continues on Fridays through Feb. 23, 3:30-4:30 p.m. for grades K-6. Meet Paddington Bear, a teddy bear that was found at a train station in London. Each week enjoy a peanut-free snack while Mrs. Shaia reads a chapter from Paddington Takes the Test aloud. Each child gets a complimentary copy of the book. Library events are free and open to the public. Space is limited. Registration is required and can be done by calling 860-5678030 or visiting owlibrary.org and clicking on Events/Children’s Events.
Saturday, Feb. 10
BINGO: Sons of Italy, Center Street, Torrington, hosts bingo games Saturday, 4-9:30 p.m. Doors open at 4 p.m., games begin at 6 p.m. For information, call the lodge at 860-489-1226.
Sunday, Feb. 11
Monday, Feb. 12
SPELLING CLUB: Spelling Club will meet Jan. 8, 22, 29 and Feb. 5, 12 and 26, 3:304:30 p.m. at the Oliver Wolcott Library, 160 South St., Litchfield, for grades 4-8. Gather with classmates after school and learn the word bank for the Litchfield Spelling Bee. Students will be grouped by age and led in their preparation by Mrs. Shaia and a team of Litchfield Education Foundation members. Participation in the Spelling Bee is not mandatory. Library events are free and open to the public. Space is limited. Registration is required and can be done by calling 860-5678030 or visiting owlibrary.org and clicking on Events/Children’s Events.
LIBRARY PASSPORT PROGRAM: Oliver Wolcott Library’s Passport Program, for ages 3-10, begins Jan. 8 and continues through Feb. 28. Travel the world through OWL’s book stacks - for free.Library events are free and open to the public. Space is limited. Registration is required and can be done by calling 860567-8030 or visiting owlibrary.org and clicking on Events/Children’s Events.
Tuesday, Feb. 13
HATHA YOGA: Hatha Yoga Classes — Breathe, stretch and deeply relax with Barbara Putnam, Tuesdays, Feb. 6, 13, 20, 27, 5:30-6:45 p.m. at Wisdom House, Litchfield. All levels welcome. For more information or to register: bdputnam@alum.mit.edu or call 860-567-4465 to register.
Wednesday, Feb. 14
BINGO: Sons of Italy, Center Street, Torrington, hosts bingo games on Wednesdays, 4-9:30 p.m. with dinner at 5 and calling at 6. For information, call the lodge at 860-489-1226.
BINGO: St. Joseph’s Roman Catholic Church holds weekly bingo games at St. Anthony School, Oak Street, Winsted, on Wednesdays. Doors open at 5 p.m. with refreshments and snacks for sale. Games begin at 6:35 p.m. Progressive jackpots. For information call the church at 860379-3369.
MOONSTRUCK: The Warner Theatre will show the Oscar-winning romantic comedy, MOONSTRUCK on the big screen, Feb. 14 at 8 p.m. Tickets are $5. Valentine’s Day Special: With the purchase of two tickets to Moonstruck order a bouquet of flowers for someone special for an additional $10. Flower offer not available online, please call box office at 860-489-7180. Flowers must be ordered by Feb 9.
Thursday, Feb. 15
SQUADRON MEETING: A meeting of the Northwest Hills Composite Squadron Civil Air Patrol Auxiliary of the United States Air Force will be held Thursday, 7-9 p.m. at the Torrington Armory South Main Street. For information, call Cmdr. Tim Ceritello at 860-620-3670 or email timceritello@gmail.com.
CHESS CLUB: The Litchfield County Chess Club meets Thursdays at the Torrington Library, 12 Daycoeton Place, Torrington, from 5:30 to 7:45 p.m. on Thursdays. The informal club has held several meetings. Membership is free — just show up and play. Adults, teens and older children with an adult are welcome. There are plenty of boards and pieces, or bring your own. For information, call Alan at 850-430-9317.
DUPLICATE BRIDGE: Duplicate Bridge at the Sullivan Senior Center, East Albert Street, Torrington, Thursdays from 8:30 a.m. to noon. For information, call John Townsend at 860-567-0671. Leave a message, he will return your call. Bringing a partner is encouraged but not required.