USA TODAY International Edition
States have had sharing agreement for 100 years
In 1922, the Colorado River Compact was signed by seven Western states to portion out water from the river.
Who got how much water was based – after decades of legal wrangling – on who was using the most back when the compact was decided. It’s basically a “first dibs” system: States that were using the most water in the 1910s got the biggest share.
Those percentages haven’t changed in a century, but the populations of the states and the amount of water to go around has – drastically.
Two facts have long complicated the West’s water problems. First, populations have soared in drought- stricken regions that depend on the river for water. And second, agriculture now accounts for most of the water usage from the Colorado River – about 80%.
What’s the deadline for Colorado River Compact negotiations?
The river’s flow has been falling for years, partly because of overuse and partly because of warming weather and increased drought driven by climate change. It’s estimated that 40% of the severity of the drought is attributable to human- caused climate trends.
Last summer the Bureau of Reclamation asked the seven states to come up with a plan to reduce their use of the river’s flow by 2 million to 4 million acrefeet a year. They were supposed to do that in 60 days. The request was repeated in December.
An acre- foot is the amount of water it takes to cover an acre with water one foot deep. That’s about 326,000 gallons. The average California household uses between one- half to one acre- foot of water a year.
Finally, the bureau said that if the states didn’t put together a plan by Jan. 31, it would come up with one on its own.
On Jan. 30 all the states but California submitted a plan suggesting overall decreases. It took into account evaporation along the water’s flow, which meant California’s water allowance would have taken a big cut.
California then launched a bombshell – it rejected the plan and instead said it has senior water rights. It proposed some cuts, mainly targeting states with fewer legal rights to the water, but aimed to preserve the majority of its more than century- old water rights.
While the state as a whole gets only about 15% of its water from the Colorado, that water is one- third of what’s used by Southern California, home to 23 million people.
With no consensus, the Bureau of Reclamation will now begin to review alternatives. It has threatened to impose cuts itself if the states can’t come to an agreement.
What’s ‘ dead pool’?
A big concern has been the drastically falling levels at two of the West’s biggest reservoirs, Lake Powell and Lake Mead, which have fallen to one- third their capacity. The fear is that they could hit what’s known as “dead pool,” with catastrophic consequences.
“Dead pool” is the level at which the water behind either the Hoover or Glen Canyon dam is too low to flow out, halting downstream flows. Water managers worry that could happen within two years.
There’s another number to worry about: the “inactive” pool, which is when water is still flowing out of the dams, but not enough to generate hydroelectricity.
Electric power produced by the two dams is an important part of the nation’s energy supply. Lake Powell’s eight generators supply electricity to seven Western states, and Lake Mead’s 17 turbines generate about 4 billion kilowatt- hours of hydroelectric power annually.