Fed signals interest rate hike

Move to cool inflation would be first in 3 years

The Federal Reserve is taking off the gloves in its bid to fight a historic surge in inflation.

The Fed held its key interest rate near zero Wednesday but said it will “soon be appropriate” to raise it, hinting that a rate hike in March is all but certain. The increase would be the first in more than three years and kick off what’s likely to be a flurry of three or more quarter-point increases this year aimed at reining in sharply rising consumer prices.

Speculation about the move has been a major reason for the stock market’s sharp sell-off this month. After the Fed’s statement Wednesday, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed down 130 points.

In a statement after a two-day meeting, the Fed didn’t say the economy has reached full employment, which would fulfill the central bank’s second condition for raising rates, but it did cite a “strong labor market.”

At a video news conference, Fed Chair Jerome Powell said he and other policymakers believe that “labor market conditions are consistent with maximum employment.”

The Fed previously said its other benchmark – inflation running above 2% for “some time” – had been met.

“With inflation well above 2% and a strong labor market, the Committee expects it will soon be appropriate to raise” its key interest rate, the Fed said.

Powell said policymakers are “of a mind” to boost the rate in March, “assuming conditions are appropriate for doing so.”

The central bank increases rates to curb borrowing, temper an overheated economy and stave off inflation spikes, and it lowers them to spur

borrowing, economic activity and job growth.

Powell said “it is not possible to predict” how much the Fed will raise its key rate this year, including whether it could lift it by more than a quarter point. He suggested that the economy can withstand more increases than when the Fed launched its last rate hike cycle in late 2015 amid tepid growth and inflation. That cycle peaked with four quarterpoint increases in 2018.

“The economy is quite different,” Powell said. “It’s stronger, inflation is higher, the labor market is much stronger. I think there’s quite a bit of room to raise interest rates without threatening the labor market.”

Question: What happens when the Fed raises interest rates?

Answer: A rise in the Fed’s key rate would push up rates for mortgages, auto loans, credit cards and business loans, among other borrowing costs.

The Fed, which separately bought trillions of dollars in Treasury bonds and mortgage-backed securities to lower long-term rates, said it will conclude those purchases in March, clearing the way for rate increases.

The bond buying has swollen the Fed’s balance sheet to $8.8 trillion. The central bank said it discussed plans to “significantly reduce” the portfolio, a move aimed at pushing up long-term rates.

Q: How is the economy?

A: The Fed depicted an economy that has “continued to strengthen” – presumably allowing it to get by with less support from the central bank – but that is affected by the COVID-19 surge triggered by the omicron variant of the coronavirus. Powell said officials expect the surge and its economic effects will be temporary. “The economy no longer needs a sustained level of monetary policy support,” Powell said.

Q: What is today’s Fed interest rate?

A: Wednesday’s moves mark a turnabout for a central bank that had been focused on helping the nation heal from the recession and 22.4 million job losses caused by the pandemic. In March 2020, as the COVID-19 crisis upended the economy, the Fed slashed its benchmark rate to near zero and launched the bond buying. In early November, Powell said officials would be patient and hold off on raising rates so the economy could reach full employment – an environment in which virtually anyone who wants a job has one.

Q: What is the unemployment rate?

A: Unemployment fell to 3.9% in December, not far above its pre-COVID-19 level of 3.5%, a 50-year low. Payrolls are still 3.6 million workers shy of their prepandemic mark. Millions remain outside the labor force – the pool of people working and looking for jobs – because they fear COVID-19, struggle to find child care or live off relief checks or enhanced unemployment benefits.

Powell said it probably will take longer than anticipated for Americans to return to the workforce. A smaller labor supply could prolong widespread worker shortages and drive wages and inflation higher, providing the Fed another reason to act swiftly.

Q: What is the inflation rate?

A: Inflation hit a 40-year high of 7% in 2021. In the third quarter, wages and salaries climbed at the fastest pace in two decades, raising concerns of a wage-price spiral difficult to contain.

Last year, Powell called the price surges “transitory” and traced them to the pandemic and reopening economy. Used cars, hotel rates and airline fares bore the brunt of the spiraling costs.

But at a congressional hearing in late November, he acknowledged that higher prices affected a broader range of products and services and supply chain bottlenecks could linger well into 2022. Although higher interest rates can’t fix supply snags, they can tamp down the strong consumer demand – stoked by federal stimulus checks and enhanced jobless benefits – that amplified the product shortages and price gains.

Last month, the Fed accelerated the phaseout of its bond-buying stimulus to pave the way for earlier and faster rate increases. Powell said officials aren’t likely to withdraw support from the economy by lifting rates at the same time they’re adding support by purchasing bonds.

Q: How fast should the Fed raise rates?

A: In December, Fed officials forecast three rate hikes this year and three more in 2023, leaving the rate at 1.6% by the end of 2023, but federal fund futures markets expect four bumps this year. Goldman Sachs economist David Mericle said the Fed could hike more than that, possibly even at each of the seven remaining meetings in 2022, though he acknowledged that “few Fed officials appear to be considering it for now.”

The Fed faces a tricky balancing act. Excessive rate hikes while growth is slowing – from a booming 5.5% or so in 2021 to a still-healthy projected 4% this year – could risk nudging the economy into another recession. The supply snarls and wage increases are likely to ease this year as more Americans go back to work, posing the risk that the central bank hikes too much while inflation is cooling.

Powell said there’s also a risk that skyrocketing inflation will derail the recovery.

The Fed, he said, has room to change course. “If inflation slows and the economy slows, we’ll react to that,” he said, adding officials will similarly respond if inflation intensifies.

At its meeting, the Fed’s policymaking committee discussed plans to shrink its $8.8 trillion balance sheet, which has ballooned because of the bond purchases. Instead of selling the bonds outright, which could disrupt markets, the Fed plans to gradually trim the holdings by not reinvesting the proceeds from some of the assets as they mature.

The Fed said it would begin reducing the balance sheet after rate hikes have started.