Tea seller's son who became India's populist hero
Modi's government has refashioned colonial-era urban landscapes in New Delhi, rewritten textbooks and overhauled British-era criminal laws in an e ort to erase what it regards as symbols of foreign domination
Once shunned and now eagerly courted by the West, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has steered India away from its secular traditions and towards the muscular Hindu-first politics he championed for decades.
He is also consistently ranked among the world's most popular leaders, and is roundly expected to coast to a third term after a marathon national election starting on Friday.
Supporters revere his tough-guy persona, burnished by his image as a steward of India's majority faith and myth-making that played up his modest roots.
"They dislike me because of my humble origins," he said in rallies ahead of the last elections, lambasting his opponents.
"Yes, a person belonging to a poor family has become prime minister. They do not fail to hide their contempt for this fact."
Modi was born in 1950 in the western state of Gujarat, the third of six children whose father worked as a tea vendor at a railway station.
An average student, his gift for rousing oratory was first seen with his keen membership of a school debate club and participation in theatrical performances.
But the seeds of his political destiny were sown at the age of eight when he joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a hardline nationalist group.
Modi dedicated himself to its cause of promoting Hindu supremacy in nominally secular India, even walking out of his arranged marriage soon after his wedding aged 18.
Remaining with his wife – whom he never officially divorced – would have hampered his advancement through the ranks of the RSS, which expected senior cadres to stay celibate.
Deadly riots
The RSS groomed Modi for a career in its political wing, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which through the 1990s was growing into a major force.
He was appointed chief minister of Gujarat in 2001 but the following year the state was rocked by sectarian riots, sparked by a fire that killed dozens of Hindu pilgrims.
At least 1,000 people were killed in the ensuing violence, with most of the victims minority Muslims. Modi was accused of
sntir udp both helping the unrest and failing to order a police intervention.
Modi later told a BBC reporter that his main weakness in responding to the riots was not knowing "how to handle the media".
A probe by India's top court eventually said there was no evidence to prosecute Modi but the international fallout saw him banned from entering the United States and Britain for years.
But it was a testament to India's changing political tides that his popularity only grew at home.
He built a reputation as a leader ready to assert the interests of India's majority faith, which he contended had been held back by the secularist forces that ruled the country almost continuously since independence from Britain.
The BJP has won two thumping election victories with Modi at the helm, and a decade after becoming prime minister in 2014 he looks unassailable against a firmly loyal party machine and a hapless, divided opposition.
Modi was last year accorded the rare honour of a joint address to the US Congress and a White House state reception at President Joe Biden's invitation.
He has taken credit for India's rising diplomatic and economic clout, claiming that under his watch the country has become a "vishwaguru" or teacher to the world.
Only now is India assuming its rightful global status, his party contends, after the historical subjugation of the country and its majority faith – first by the Islamic Mughal empire and then by the British colonial project.
Modi's government has refashioned colonial-era urban landscapes in New Delhi, rewritten textbooks and overhauled British-era criminal laws in an effort to erase what it regards as symbols of foreign domination.
This project reached its zenith in January when Modi presided over the opening of a new temple in the town of Ayodhya, built on grounds once home to a centuries-old Mughal mosque razed by Hindu zealots in 1992.
Modi said during the elaborate ceremony that the temple's consecration showed India was "rising above the mentality of slavery".
He added: "The nation is creating the genesis of a new history."