COVID-19 taking a heavy toll on healthcare workers
to worse outcomes for patients with COVID-19.
An increase in non-COVID-related health problems and deaths (eg, those caused by disruptions to vaccination or screening programmes for other infectious diseases), including personal health challenges for healthcare workers (eg, worsening of diabetes control), further strained poorly-resourced health systems.
LMICs experienced high rates of health care-associated COVID-19, due in part to a shortage of PPE, increased workload, inadequate training and infection control practices, and pandemic fatigue.
Guilt and stigma associated with COVID-19 were common. Cases of healthcare workers abandoning their posts or refusing to attend to patients suspected of having COVID-19 were not uncommon.
Healthcare workers have been subjected to denigration from various sources during the pandemic, including political leaders and hospital administrators.
In some LMICs, such as Uganda, health professionals were targeted by the public because of their roles on scientific advisory committees, and their policy decisions were met with mistrust and hostility.
Healthcare workers are known to be at risk of anxiety, depression, burnout, insomnia, moral distress, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Under usual working conditions, severe burnout syndrome affects as many as 33% of critical care nurses and up to 45% of critical care physicians.
Extrinsic organisational risk factors — including increased work demands and little control over the work environment — and the trauma of caring for patients who are critically ill have been heightened by the COVID-19 pandemic and represent important exacerbating factors for poor mental health among health-care workers.
Following the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in 2003, healthcare workers reported chronic stress effects for months to years.
Among healthcare workers treating patients with COVID-19, a Chinese study reported high rates of depression (50%), anxiety (45%), insomnia (34%), and distress (72%).
These findings were supported by a systematic review of 13 studies including more than 33 000 participants.
Studies from Italy and France reported a high prevalence of depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, and burnout; risk factors for adverse psychological outcomes included younger age, female sex, being a nurse, and working directly with patients with COVID-19.
The long-term effect on the health of those working in health care remains to be seen.
The COVID-19 pandemic is a stark reminder of racial and socioeconomic disparities, with disproportionate infection and death rates among migrants, the poor, and racialised groups. COVID-19 has also had a disproportionate effect on women healthcare workers.
Women comprise 70% of the global health and social care workforce, putting them at risk of infection and the range of physical and mental health problems associated with their role as health professionals and carers in the context of a pandemic.
The pandemic exacerbated gender inequities in formal and informal work, and in the distribution of home responsibilities, and increased the risk of unemployment and domestic violence.
While trying to fulfil their professional responsibilities, women had to meet their families’ needs, including childcare, home schooling, care for older people, and home care.
Burdened by these obligations, women had reduced academic productivity relative to men, as evidenced by fewer women being part of the cohort producing new knowledge about the pandemic.
There was a disconnect between the demands of parenting and the expectations of the scientific community, as shown by ultrashort timelines for COVID-19-related grant proposals, which further deepened the divide between women and men.
During the pandemic, there have been glimmers of hope and solace. We were buoyed by support from institutional and government leadership, the spirit of teamwork, the celebration of lives saved, and the acknowledgement of our value by the public.
Social media was a venue for healthcare workers to share their anxiety, insomnia, and fatigue, which reduced the sense of isolation and normalised conversations about mental health.
To effectively support healthcare workers — the greatest assets of our health-care systems — we must understand their challenges and needs. Burnout and other forms of work-related psychological distress are unavoidable occupational health issues.
By acknowledging the commonality of psychological distress related to caring for patients with COVID-19, we can destigmatise work-related mental health issues and appropriately attend to the mental health needs of all healthcare workers affected by the pandemic.
Finally, we hope that the COVID-19 pandemic will prompt a redefinition of essential support workers, with recognition of the contribution of all health-care workers and appropriate education, protection, and compensation.
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