Misuse of antibiotics leads to resistance
WORLD Antimicrobial Awareness Week (this year celebrated from 18 to 24 November) is a global campaign that is celebrated annually to improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance and encourage best practices among the public and policymakers who play a critical role in reducing the further emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.
The world, Zimbabwe included, is now faced with the threat of antibiotic resistant bacteria. This means the antibiotics we have traditionally used to treat various diseases are becoming less and less effective. Slowly we are running out of useful antibiotics and one day even minor infections will stop responding to treatment.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when antibiotics no longer work against disease-causing bacteria. These infections are difficult to treat and can mean longer lasting illnesses, more doctor visits or extended hospital stays, and the need for more expensive and toxic medications.
Some resistant infections can even cause death. Although experts are working to develop new antibiotics and other treatments to keep pace with antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, infectious organisms can adapt quickly.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria will continue to be a global health concern — and using antibiotics wisely is important for preventing their spread.
Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections and some kinds of parasites. Bacterial infections usually include bladder infections, many wound and skin infections, severe sinus infections, some ear infections and streptococcal sore throat.
Common viral infections include bronchitis, colds, flu, most coughs, most ear infections, most sore throats and winter diarrhoea in children. If antibiotics are used too often for things they can’t treat — like colds and flu — not only are they of no benefit, they also become less effective against the bacteria they’re intended to treat.
Not taking antibiotics exactly as prescribed also leads to problems. For example, if you take an antibiotic for only a few days — instead of the full course — the antibiotic may wipe out some, but not all of the bacteria.
The surviving bacteria become more resistant and can be spread to other people. When bacteria become resistant to first line treatments, the risk of complications and death is increased.
The failure of first line antibiotics also means that doctors have to resort to less conventional medications, many of which are costlier and associated with more-serious side effects. For instance, the drugs needed to treat drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis (TB) are much more expensive than are the drugs used to treat non-resistant TB.
The course of treatment is longer, up to two years, and the side effects can be severe.
Other consequences are the increased costs associated with prolonged illnesses, including expenses for additional tests, treatments and hospitalization, and indirect costs, such as lost income.
Repeated and improper use of antibiotics is the primary cause of the increase in the number of drug-resistant bacteria. Here’s what you can do to promote proper use of antibiotics:
Understand when antibiotics should be used. Don’t expect to take antibiotics every time you get sick.
Antibiotics are effective in treating most bacterial infections, but they’re not useful against viral infections such as colds, acute bronchitis or the flu. Some common bacterial ailments such as mild ear infections also don’t benefit much from antibiotics.
Don’t pressure your doctor for antibiotics if you have a viral illness. Instead, talk to your doctor about ways to relieve your symptoms — for instance, a saline nasal spray to clear a stuffy nose or a mixture of warm water, lemon and honey to temporarily soothe a sore throat.
Take antibiotics exactly as prescribed. Follow your doctor’s instructions when taking medication. Don’t stop treatment a few days early because you’re feeling better. Taking the full course of antibiotics is the only way to kill all of the harmful bacteria.
A shortened course of antibiotics, on the other hand, often wipes out only the most vulnerable bacteria while allowing relatively resistant bacteria to survive.
Never take antibiotics without a prescription. If you didn’t complete a full course of antibiotics, you might be tempted to use the left over medication the next time you get sick or to pass it along to someone else.
This isn’t a good idea. For one thing, the antibiotic might not be appropriate for another illness. And even if it is, you’re not likely to have enough pills to combat the germs making you sick, which can lead to more resistant bacteria. Prevent the spread of germs.
Good hygiene goes a long way in preventing infection. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the toilet, changing a diaper, or handling raw meat or poultry. Keep food preparation areas clean.
Although special antibacterial cleaners and soap are widely available, they aren’t necessary. Plain soap and water work fine to kill germs in most settings.
Get recommended vaccinations. Ask your doctor if you have received all of the vaccinations you need to protect yourself from illness. Getting vaccinated will help prevent diseases.
Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem. Nearly all significant bacterial infections in the world are becoming resistant to commonly used antibiotics.
When you misuse antibiotics like amoxicillin, doxycycline and cotrimoxazole, you help create resistant micro-organisms that can cause new and hard-to-treat infections.
Be responsible in how you use antibiotics to protect your health and that of your family, neighbours and community.