Blockchain and the state: Vehicle or vice?

1 Benjamin J. Cohen, “Electronic Money: New Day or False Dawn?,”

Review of International Political Economy 8, no. 2 (2001): 197–225. 2 Manuel Castells, “Informationalism, Networks, and the Network Society: A Theoretical Blueprint” in I M. Castells: The Network Society. A CrossCultural Perspective (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2004).

3 Zygmunt Bauman et al., “After Snowden: Rethinking the Impact of Surveillance,” International Political Sociology 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 121–44, doi:10.1111/ips.12048.

4 Cohen, “Electronic Money,” 221.

5 For discussion of collective intentionality and the example of money, see John R. Searle, The Construction of Social Reality (Simon and Schuster, 1995), 37–43.

6 See Searle on how constitutive rules govern intentionality, Ibid.,

43–51.

7 Cohen, “Electronic Money,” 207–10.

8 Diana Coole and Samantha Frost, New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics (Duke University Press, 2010); Karin D. Knorr-cetina, “Sociality with Objects: Social Relations in Postsocial Knowledge Societies,” Theory, Culture & Society 14, no. 4 (1997): 1–30; Anna Leander, “Theorising International Monetary Relations: Three Questions about the Significance of Materiality,” Contexto Internacional 37, no. 3 (December 2015): 945–73; Karin Knorr Cetina and Alex Preda, The Sociology of Financial Markets (Oxford University Press, 2004), http:// econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/oxpobooks/9780199275595.htm; William E. Connolly, “The ‘New Materialism’ and the Fragility of Things,”

Millennium 41, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 399–412.

9 Leander, “Theorising International Monetary Relations,” 960–61.

10 1 ZB (Zettabyte) = 1021 bytes.

11 Cisco, “The Zettabyte Era: Trends and Analysis.”

12 Ryan Garner, “Companies Once Thought They’d Make Big Money off Big Data–now It’s Their Biggest Liability,” Quartz, June 2, 2016, http:// qz.com/697452/companies-once-thought-theyd-make-big-moneyoff-big-data-now-its-their-biggest-liability/.

13 Timothy Morey, Theodore Forbath, and Allison Schoop, “Customer Data: Designing for Transparency and Trust,”

Harvard Business Review, May 1, 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/05/ customer-data-designing-for-transparency-and-trust.

14 Daniel Jeffries, “Why Everyone Missed the Most Important Invention in the Last 500 Years,” Hacker Noon, June 22, 2017, https://hackernoon. com/why-everyone-missed-the-most-important-invention-in-thelast-500-years-c90b0151c169.

15 Kohler, “The Great Scam of Bitcoin.”

16 Ibid.

17 Jamie Burke, “Our First Investment in Tokens Is.. IOTA,” Outlier Ventures, June 12, 2017, https://outlierventures.io/research/ our-first-investment-in-tokens-is/.

18 Ibid.

19 Waters, “Blockchain Commons.”