Cinematic music theory
Although the tonal quality of your patches is important, it counts for nothing if you don’t play the right notes in the right order. The roots of cinematic music are found in orchestral music, and as complex as that can be, there are a few simple ideas which run through it all. Let’s break it down…
The primary goal of modern cinematic music is to be effective – reinforce the drama and lead the audience’s emotions. A Hollywood blockbuster attracts a diverse range of people, some of which will have expert knowledge of music, some of which will not. In order to be effective, the composer strikes at the common ground between them all, trading in on common sequences and patterns found throughout music. Put simply, often the most common patterns are the most effective.
Each composer leans towards certain patterns. For example, Hans Zimmer tends to write in D minor, and uses only a few different chord patterns to great effect. A classic Zimmer-style pattern in D minor
Bb would go, Dmin - - F - C. Or for more dramatic work, you can a simpler pattern
Bb would be Dmin - - C. It has a bold, powerful sound and can be heard all over his work in the Batman films and Inception. Other composers, such as John Carpenter and Cliff Martinez, tend to use ‘pedal tones’ and arpeggios to lock the audience in.
Feeling designer
Whatever the pattern, an essential skill is being able to set an atmosphere or mood. There are of course broad generalisations, such as using major keys for happy scenes and minor keys for sad, but cinematic music requires a much more complex look at mood and emotion. The onscreen action may call for a sense of ‘wonder’ – how do we reach out to the audience to make them feel that through our sound design and note choice? First and foremost, the sound we use should reflect the mood. Try using softer tones for gentle moods, and bolder sounds for the more dramatic. It’s no accident that the orchestra brings out the big brass section when the bad guy appears on screen, so reflect this in your sound design.
Soundtrack secrets
There’s a scale which might be considered the film composers secret weapon – the Lydian mode. It’s used all over film music and is regularly employed by composer giants such as John Williams and Thomas Newman. The Lydian mode takes the fourth note of the major scale and moves it up by one semitone. So in the key of C major, the
F#. note F is replaced with an This simple change can produce some wonderful cinematic melodies. A similar voicing can be heard in a very common cinematic chord pattern. Try playing C major then a D major over a constant C bass note. This ‘rising’ pattern is often heard at the climatic point of a movie – at the end of ET, for example.
Adding some surprise value is one key to memorable music. A common trick is to play around a popular chord sequence so the audience is comfortable, recognising the pattern and predicting what will come next. Once you have them relaxed, though, change things up a bit by inserting a chord to take them by surprise. John Williams is a master of this technique, The Raiders March from Raiders of the Lost Ark being a superb example. But be careful what you surprise them with – stray too far from the predictable and you’ll lose your audience quickly!
“Adding surprise value is one key to memorable music”