How to use it…

RELATIVE KEYS

The circle groups together all 12 major keys with their relative minors. A relative key is simply defined as the minor key that uses the same notes as a particular major key, or a major key that uses the same notes as a particular minor key. Major keys are found on the outer (yellow) ring, with their relative minor keys shown in the same segment on the inner (blue) ring.

DIATONIC CHORDS

The circles also group six of the seven diatonic chords found in each key. Centring on the tonic, the other two major chords will be found to the left and right, and the same segments on the inner ring will house the three minor diatonic chords for that key. This works the same for minor keys as well, but with the tonic centred on the inner ring instead.

SHARPS AND FLATS

It tells us how many sharps or flats are in each key, as seen on the central (blue) ring. As you go clockwise from the top, each key adds one more

C# sharp until you get to seven sharps ( major). Going anti-clockwise from the top tells us the number of flats, adding a flat each time until you

Cb end up at seven flats ( major).

BORROWED CHORDS

When working with borrowed chords, the circle can show you the diatonic chords for the parallel key to the one you’re currently in. Choose your tonic note, then locate its parallel key by finding the same note on the other ring. Now just select a chord to borrow from the palette of five chords that immediately surround it on the circle.

FINDING 3RDS

For a quick way to determine major and minor 3rd intervals (without a keyboard), simply count four steps clockwise from the tonic to find the major 3rd, or three anti-clockwise from the tonic to reach the minor 3rd.

SIMILAR KEYS

The circle tells us the most similar keys. Similar keys are keys whose parent scales differ only by one note – eg, C major (C D E F G A B) and G

F#) major (G A B C D E contain almost all the

F# same notes except for the F, which is in G major and F natural in C major. Pick a key on the circle, and either adjacent key will only be one note different. Because of this similarity, a lot of The circle shows you the magic three-chord trick that’s built thousands of songs music tends to change key by moving between adjacent keys on the circle.

DISSIMILAR KEYS

It also tells us the least similar keys. Spaced 180 degrees across from each other, you’ll find the keys with the fewest notes in common – that is, just two notes. So, the key of C major (C D E F G A

F# F# G# A# C# B) and its opposite number major ( B D#

F) share only the notes F and B. The interval between two directly opposite notes on the circle is always a tritone (six semitones) – handy when figuring out tritone substitutions.

ORDER OF EVENTS

There are several mnemonics (memory aids) you can use to help you remember the order of keys on the circle. For the sharp side (clockwise), there’s Charlie Gets Drunk And Eats Beetroot, while for the flat side (anti-clockwise), you could go for Charlie Forgets BEADs.

You can also use mnemonics to remember the order in which sharps and flats are added to a key signature to indicate each successive key. These include Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle for the sharps and Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles’ Father for the flats.

ENHARMONIC KEYS

When we get to the lower section of the circle, things get interesting key-wise. The keys with

F#, C#) five, six and seven sharps (B, continue clockwise around the circle, overlapping with

Db, Gb those that have five, six and seven flats ( and B) as they continue from the anti-clockwise

F# direction. So, for instance, major with its six

Gb sharps and major with its six flats are the same key with two different names. The same

D# goes for their relative minor cousins, minor

Eb and minor. Known as ‘enharmonic’ keys, these keys have dual identities according to whether you’re dealing with sharps or flats.

PRIMARY CHORDS

Pick any chord on the circle to be the I chord (or tonic), then the chord to the left will always be the IV chord, and the one to the right will always be the V chord. Known as primary chords, these are the basis for literally thousands of songs, particularly when used in what’s known as the I - IV - V progression.

ADDING RELATIVE MINOR

Building on the above, you can expand the I - IV - V progression by squeezing in the relative minor to the tonic, which you’ll find on the inner ring of the circle in the same segment as the tonic. For example, I - vi - IV - V in the key of C major would give you C - Am - F - G, or, as another example, in

F# the key of A major, A - m - D - E.

MINORISING CHORDS

The ii - V - I progression is one of the most widely-used musical phrases there is, especially popular as a jazz turnaround, used to return to the tonic. To find the minor ii chord in any key, just count two notes over clockwise from the tonic and ‘minorise’ that chord. From there, step anti-clockwise back two steps to hit the V and I chords. For example, a ii - V - I in the key of D would be Em - A - D. Select a chord as your tonic, and the next chord over will be its dominant

EASY KEY CHANGES

The circle can help with easy key changes that use the dominant 7th of the new key as a method of modulation, placing the dominant 7th before the change to the new tonic chord to prepare the listener. For example, to change key from G major to A major, find the new key’s root (A) on the circle, and the next note over clockwise will be its dominant – E, in this case. So the dominant chord you need for the key change is E7: G - E7 - A.