Baltimore bridge collapse: US braces for supply chain disruption
The US transportation secretary, Pete Buttigieg, warned of “major and protracted impact to supply chains” following the closure of the Port of Baltimore for the forseeable future after Tuesday’s catastrophic bridge collapse, though some experts said the impact was likely to be targeted to particular regions and industries.
Spanning more than 2km and with four lanes of traffic, the Francis Scott Key Bridge – a vital artery in Baltimore’s industrial heartland – took nine years to plan and almost five to build, but came down in under a minute after being struck by a cargo ship in the early hours of Tuesday.
At least six people are presumed dead after the bridge collapsed into the Patapsco River, and the state of Maryland has declared a state of emergency.
The Maryland governor, Wes Moore, said the disaster was heartbreaking. The missing – all members of a construction crew filling potholes on the bridge – were described as “hardworking, humble men” and are reported to have been from Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Mexico.
In addition to the devastating impact on the families of those who lost their lives, there are questions about the possible effects on a global economy still reeling from Covid shocks and the Red Sea crisis, which have disrupted supply chains .
On Tuesday, Joe Biden called the bridge “one of the most important elements” supporting the US north-east’s economy. Its collapse in effect shut off access to one of the busiest and most important ports in the country.
The immediate consequences are perhaps the most clear: all the ships in Baltimore port are trapped, said Salvatore Mercogliano, an associate professor of history at Campbell University and host of the What Is Going on With Shipping? YouTube channel.
“That mean that vessels that are in there will have to wait for the bridge to be cleared and obviously that’s going to be a long prospect,” he said, adding that a number of vessels were also waiting to access the port.
Baltimore is the ninth busiest port in the US, and the busiest for car shipments, handling at least 750,000 vehicles in 2023, according to data from the Maryland Port Administration. Motor vehicles and parts accounted for 42% of all Baltimore port imports.
General Motors (GM) and Ford have announced they will reroute affected shipments and say they are not worried about potential repercussions. GM expects “minimal impact” to its operations, while Ford’s chief financial officer has said the supply chain will probably be lengthened “a bit” – though their optimism is at odds with warnings from Buttigieg, who said on Tuesday there was “no question” the impact would be major.
Some industries could be seriously affected, while the cost in time and money of diverting shipments destined for Baltimore to other ports could have unintended consequences in other areas of trade.
The port handled foreign cargo worth $80bn in 2023, according to the governor, meaning there will be millions of dollars in lost trade and taxes for every day that shipping vessels are blocked from accessing it.
The biggest issue, according to Mercogliano, will be the export of coal. In 2023, Baltimore was the second busiest US port for coal exports, with India the single biggest importer of that coal.
Most of the coal from Baltimore makes its way to India for electricity generation, Ernie Thrasher, the CEO of the coal trading firm Xcoal Energy & Resources, told Bloomberg.
“The big question is the impact on India more than any global impact,” Thrasher said, with up to 2.5m tonnes of coal bound for India likely to be affected.
Some of that coal will be rerouted, but complicated logistics will limit how much other ports can take.
Mercogliano said: “Baltimore is a major port for the export of coal, and it’s not like you can move the coal to another facility because you need specialised facilities for that … and those that do exist are largely at capacity. Shutting down the port of Baltimore is going to have a major impact on the transportation of energy out of the United States.”
Biden has said the federal government would pay for the entire reconstruction of the bridge and that he expects Congress to fund relief efforts. Noting that 5,000 jobs depend directly on the port – with a total of nearly 140,000 jobs affected by its activities
– the president emphasised the need to reopen it “as soon as humanly possible”.
Delays in reopening the port could spell trouble for the local economy as shipping companies reroute to other ports, while the community more broadly is hugely reliant on the bridge for its day-to-day functioning. Almost 12 million vehicles cross the bridge every year.
Distribution warehouses owned by Amazon and FedEx are located at the port, and experts say it is likely some operations will be disrupted. An Amazon spokesperson told Newsweek that the company was assessing the “immediate and future impacts” of the accident.
Mary Kane, the president and CEO of the Maryland Chamber of Commerce, said: “The economic impact that’s going to be felt by Baltimore and the state of Maryland is incomprehensible.”
Dr Richard Clinch, a University of Baltimore academic, said the potential long-term implications for the city’s vital transportation and logistics industry would “depend entirely on how long it takes to fix the bridge”.
“If it’s a six-month fix, which I don’t think it is, it’s a blip,” he said. “If it’s a two-year fix, it’s going to impact the growth of that sector long-term.”
Assessing the scale of the cleanup operation, Mercogliano said it would probably be a month or two before the debris was cleared enough to open up the port. “It’s going to be years until you see a new bridge.”