US on path to becoming another greying society
The US needs a national population strategy. Falling immigration is combining with a decline in fertility to put us in danger of joining the club of Europe and East Asia, where people are wealthy on paper but still feel squeezed by the need to support an increasing number of elders.
The idea of population policy will seem alien to many Americans. But that’s just because we were so lucky for so long. The US combined unusually robust fertility for a rich country with sustained high levels of immigration. But the first of those advantages is evaporating quickly, and the second is under threat.
In the 1990s and 2000s, the US had a fertility advantage over its rich-world peers. But since the 2008 Great Recession, that advantage has evaporated.
Much of this is due to a big decline in fertility rates among Hispanic Americans, who are now below the replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman. That’s not only because of a precipitous drop in Hispanic immigration (since immigrants tend to have more kids), but also probably to changing norms and values among Hispanics. And this was happening before the COVID-19 pandemic, which has lowered birth rates even further.
Immigration, too, is down. My colleague Justin Fox is optimistic, noting that the number of people becoming permanent residents in America has held up through the Donald Trump administration and the pandemic. But the number of new visas issued by the US fell by almost half in 2020.
If that decline is sustained, it will reduce the number of people becoming permanent residents down the line.
With sub-replacement fertility and declining immigration, America faces a greyer future. The age dependency ratio — how many elderly are in the population as a percent of working-age adults — was already rising before Trump’s presidency and the pandemic, and recent trends will only push it up more.
Aging isn’t an economic death sentence; countries can do a number of things to mitigate the challenges it presents. They can use more automation to make up for labour shortages. They can encourage people to keep working longer. In countries where there is a gender participation gap in the labour force, governments can encourage more women to work as Japan successfully did in the 2010s. A gender gap might have opened in the US, too, so there’s some opportunity there.
But these measures only go so far. Automation technologies are usually complements to human workers, rather than substitutes, so there’s a limit to how many people we can replace with machines. Dito on the limits of geting old people and labour-force dropouts to just work more. If the US wants to avoid becoming yet another greying, stagnating wealthy society, it has to get more young people.
Encouraging immigration is an important piece of any population strategy. In the wake of four years of anti-immigrant rhetoric and policies, US leaders should deploy pro-immigrant rhetoric similar to that of former President Ronald Reagan.
Then there’s fertility. Many rich countries have striven to raise their fertility rates, oten with no success. But economist Lyman Stone, looking at a wide range of studies, concludes that paying people to have more kids has a modest effect on birth rates. So it’s possible to raise fertility by a litle bit.
The child benefits now being proposed by President Joe Biden, Sen. Mit Romney and others would be exactly the kind of thing that would give American fertility a modest boost.
Most important, the US simply needs to change its mentality. Population stability was never something we had to worry about before, but it is now. Fortunately, some writers like Mat Yglesias are now vigorously calling for higher population growth. Hopefully this issue will get more atention in the next few years.