SIR SERETSE KHAMA – A GLOBAL ICON OF DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT
TODAY marks the 100th anniversary of the July 1st, 1921 birth of our founder President, Sir Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama, with centenary events scheduled for Serowe, Gaborone and elsewhere.
Four decades after his passing, we still stand in the shadow of our founder President’s remarkable legacy.
On this Day, we may reflect on the fact that following 81 years of economic underdevelopment and relative imperial neglect, the Botswana that Seretse was elected to lead to renewed independence was an impoverished and internationally obscure state. By the time of his passing, however, it had already become a staunchly democratic and increasingly prosperous nation that was playing a leading role in regional affairs.
Seretse Khama was born at Serowe in what was then the Bangwato Tribal Reserve of the Bechuanaland Protectorate as the son and heir of Sekgoma Khama and Tebogo (nee Kebailele).
In 1923, his father succeeded his grandfather, Kgosi Khama III, to the Bangwato throne. His reign, as Kgosi Sekgoma II was, however, short as he died in 1925. With the death of his mother, in 1930, Seretse remained in the care of his uncle, Tshekedi Khama, who ruled the Bangwato as his regent.
Seretse received his higher primary and secondary education in South Africa, at two prominent mission schools, Lovedale and Tiger Kloof, before earning a Bachelor of Arts Degree at Fort Hare College. Thereafter, he studied law at the University of Witwatersrand and Balliol College, Oxford, before taking up further
Barrister Studies at Inner Temple in London.
In June 1947, while in London, Seretse first met Ruth Williams, who was then pursuing a career in the financial sector. Their interracial marriage in September 1948 ultimately threw the British Empire into turmoil. Initially, it was uncle, Tshekedi, who ordered Seretse home to demand a divorce. But, after a series of public meetings in Serowe, Seretse was popularly recognised as Kgosi together with his wife. Tshekedi then gave way and went into self-exile.
The proclamation of a black chief with a white wife, in a territory strategically located between South Africa and the Rhodesias, caused an outcry among white settler politicians. South Africa had come under the control of white Afrikaner nationalists in 1948. The then Labour Party government in Britain was desperate to secure its economic as well as political ties with the new apartheid regime. It therefore quietly agreed to bar Seretse Khama from chieftainship.
A judicial inquiry was set up to try to prove Seretse’s personal unfitness to rule. But, instead, it concluded that Seretse was eminently fit to rule. The Commission’s report was therefore suppressed by the British government, while Seretse and his wife were exiled to England.
The persecution of Seretse and Ruth Khama received extensive international press coverage and outrage was expressed by a wide range of people around the world. Eventually, in 1956, the British finally allowed Seretse and Ruth to return to Botswana as private citizens.
From 1957-62 Seretse Khama was involved in the reform of local and territorial Government leading to the establishment of a Legislative Council as key steps towards decolonisation. During this period he successfully led opposition in the Joint Advisory Council to proposals that Bechuanaland consider affiliation with the white settler dominated Central African Federation.
In 1961-62 Seretse founded the Bechuanaland Democratic Party (BDP). With its call for reform leading to a non-racial independent republic, the BDP was able to draw overwhelming support. It won the first universal franchise elections in March 1965, allowing Seretse Khama to become the first prime minister of a self-governing Bechuanaland Protectorate before leading the country to full independence a year later.
At independence, Botswana was surrounded by white racist regimes. It was, therefore, widely but falsely assumed that the country had no option but to sell out to its neighbours, South Africa (including occupied SouthWest Africa) and Southern Rhodesia.
The new government, moreover, could not cover the costs of administration from taxes and was continually indebted to Britain. The first task was to lay the groundwork for an export-oriented economy, based on beef processing and copper and diamond mining.
Between 1966 and 1980 Botswana had the fastest growing economy in the world. It also came to be seen as a remarkable state with high principles, upholding liberal democracy and non-racialism amid a region embroiled in warfare, racial enmity, and corruption. State mineral revenues were invested in infrastructural development, education and health, and in subsidies to cattle production. The result was a great increase in general prosperity, in rural as well as urban areas.
Seretse Khama also used his unique authority to enhance local democracy and curtail the powers of traditional chiefs, to develop citizen administrative capacity without over-bureaucratisation, and to promote the rule of law in the operations of the state.
As Botswana progressed, Seretse Khama was also able to turn more of his attention to foreign policy, finding key early allies in Presidents Kaunda of Zambia and Nyerere of Tanzania. In his final decade, he played an increasingly prominent role as a Pan African statesman. He was one of the “Front-line Presidents” who negotiated the future of Zimbabwe and Namibia. In the face of the terrorist activities of the Smith regime, in particular, the Botswana Defence Force was created to guard Botswana’s borders, protecting growing numbers of refugees as well as the citizenry.
During this period, Seretse Khama articulated a clear vision of the future of Southern Africa after colonialism and apartheid as a peaceful, democratic and prosperous region. He was thus the key founder of what has since become the Southern African Development Community.
The rigours of constant travel for international negotiations, leading up to the independence of Zimbabwe, finally exhausted Seretse Khama. But he had the final satisfaction of witnessing both the independence of Zimbabwe in March 1980 and the launching of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference in April, before his death on the 13th July, 1980.
Khama is fondly remembered for his intelligence, integrity, and sense of humour. Of his lasting legacy, it can be said that the perpetual democracy, socio-economic development, political stability, and unity that Batswana experience today, are what Sir Seretse Khama always stood for.
Seretse Khama also used his unique authority to enhance local democracy and curtail the powers of traditional chiefs, to develop citizen administrative capacity without overbureaucratisation, and to promote the rule of law in the operations of the state.