Bolivia restores myth-generating funerary towers
UNIQUE quadrangular preInca towers made of earth and straw, standing up to 8m tall, dot the landscape at Condor Amaya on the Bolivian altiplano – giving rise to myths and legends.
These eight “chullpas” standing almost side by side are funerary towers that have been built with a technique unique to this site in the Bolivian Andes.
Severina Flores, a skilled wool weaver and sheep breeder, remembers that she was scared of the towers when she was young.
“Before, when I was ‘wawa’ [a child] we would never approach them because when we did we would fall ill,” the 29-year-old mother of four said.
T h e c h u l l p a s meas u re between 2m and 8m high and 2m to 4m wide. They all have a small entrance door facing the rising sun in the east.
That gave rise to myths and legends relating to the sun.
A story told by a Don Estanislao Colque claims that the pre-Incan towers “lived with the moon” and “walked on the earth” many generations ago.
But the earth changed position and the sun stopped rising in the west to be born again sometime later in the east, “burning” all those chullpas facing the other way.
“It’s a myth, but va luable, because my t holog y i s a l so part of heritage,” said Greek archeologist Irene Delaveris.
Other, more rational, explanations for the doors’ orientation: wind and rain arriving from the west.
The towers were built during t wo cultura l periods: t he pre-Incan Aymara kingdoms and t he Inca-Pacajes period, conser vat ion ex per t Guido Mamani said.
The oldest of these towers were built in the 15th century, according to Delaveris.
Chullpas were first built in the 10th and 11th centuries by the Aymara kingdoms following the end of the Tiwanaku culture. The practice continued through the Inca period until the arrival of Spanish conquistadors.
They were used for the burials of royalty, military officials or wealthy people.
Condor Amaya – known as Kuntur Amaya in the Aymara language – is a small village of 40 families around 130km to the southwest of La Paz.
It has 11 funerary towers restored by the culture ministry in collaboration with the government of Switzerland.
There are 39 chullpas in the area, some in ruins, ravaged by time and the unforgiv ing climate. In the La Paz department t here a re a rou nd 300 over a l l, ac c ord i ng t o t he culture ministr y.
There are also similar funerary structures in neighbouring Peru, but those are circular.
“For me it’s an expression of engineering that is unique in the world, because these constructions were not built in any other part of the world with this technique,” said Delaveris.
The walls appear to be made from “a mix of whole straw with mud” which “generates a material like fabric”, she added.
However, there is a secret organic ingredient as well, yet to be identified, that “could be the collagen in llama bones or a local plant that gave it that hardness that has allowed it to be preserved over centuries.”