Saving Missouri French, one bouillon at a time
DEDICATED MUSIC SCHOLAR leads effort to preserve a little-known dialect that’s barely holding on in some mining towns
Asmall group of history researchers is racing to capture the last remnants of a little-known French dialect that endures in some old Missouri mining towns.
So-called Missouri French is spoken by fewer than 30 people in Old Mines, southwest of St. Louis, although dozens of others can still rattle off phrases from childhood songs or overheard conversations involving their parents and grandparents.
“When they didn’t want us to know what they talked about, they talked to us in French,” said Lucy Baquette, whose husband traces his regional roots to the founding families of St. Louis.
Other languages once common in parts of North America have suffered similar fates, including some American Indian tongues.
Missouri French remained in wide use in these parts well into the 20th century.
Still, the language has received far less attention from cultural historians and language experts than the Creole and Cajun French spoken in present-day Louisiana and other variations heard in northeastern New England along the Canadian border.
The language developed among French settlers who came to southeast Missouri by way of Canada nearly 300 years ago to extract lead from the northern Ozarks in a territory known then as Upper Louisiana.
The dialect, also known as Missouri-Illinois French, or paw-paw French for the region’s plentiful paw-paw fruit trees, flourished in the isolation of communities such as Old Mines and was used by hundreds of families for generations.
Music scholar Dennis Stroughmatt first discovered it 20 years ago as a student at Southeast Missouri State University in nearby Cape Girardeau. With a folklore professor’s encouragement and a semester of college French, he befriended families in and around Old Mines in an effort to preserve the region’s music and language.
He recorded old-timers’ oral histories, uncovered scratchy wax cylinder recordings and embraced the role as a modern storyteller.
Using his grandfather’s fiddle, he also performed at the house parties known as bouillons. His three-piece band, l’Esprit Creole, played the songs of Upper Louisiana at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival, the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival and other venues in the U.S. and abroad, including the Fête de l’automme, an annual festival in Old Mines.
In May, the Missouri Humanities Council honoured Stroughmatt, citing his work to “revive an epoch of Midwestern history that was on the verge of extinction.”
“They have fought to keep their language and culture alive,” said Stroughmatt, who as a graduate student moved from the Midwest to Quebec for French studies. “I want to do anything I can to help.”
Missouri French is an amalgam of Old Norman French, native American languages and frontier English. The regional dialect was also spoken in surrounding minebelt towns such as Bonne Terre, Valles Mines, De Sloge, De Soto and Ste-Genevieve in the area about 100 kilometres south of St. Louis, he said.
The language remained intact in Old Mines, away from major highways and rail lines, well after residents of other towns began speaking mostly English.
While European French speakers drive to the grocery store in their “voitures,” their Old Mines counterparts rely on “chars,” meaning tank or cart to many francophones, though in Quebec “joual” can also mean car.
Carol Diaz-Granados, an anthropology researcher at Washington University in St. Louis who studies the region’s native American archeology, heralded Stroughmatt’s historical preservation efforts.
Missouri French “was on the verge of being lost,” she said. “People are passing away. It’s the end of an era.”
Diaz-Granados is a board member of the Old Mines Area Historical Society, a volunteer group working to restore an old log cabin on the outskirts of town that would serve as the centrepiece of a 19th-century village and history museum commemorating the region’s deep French roots.
The belated appreciation of that French heritage is emerging in a place where Missouri French speakers once faced scorn and ridicule for their strange tongue, particularly as public education and compulsory English lessons replaced church-based learning a century ago.
The area’s unofficial slogan is a testament to its resilience: “On est toujours icitte,” or “We are still here.”