National Post (National Edition)
BUZZ
THE AMERICANS PLOT ON INSECT WARFARE NOT FAR-FETCHED.
This season on the spy drama The Americans, the Cold War hinges on a few insects.
Just as the shelves in Soviet grocery stores are becoming barren, Russian agents Elizabeth and Philip Jennings (Keri Russell and Matthew Rhys) stumble onto a terrifying American plot. It looks like the United States is breeding an insect capable of either destroying Russia’s wheat supply or poisoning the wheat the U.S. exports to the U.S.S.R.
Either way, it would be a devastating blow to Elizabeth and Philip’s motherland, so the pair get to work thwarting lab experiments (and killing some innocent bystanders along the way).
So how realistic is any of this? It’s hardly plucked from thin air.
University of Wyoming professor Jeffrey Lockwood wrote a book about entomological warfare, Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War, and he weighed in on where the storyline might have come from.
The U.S. was accused of entomological warfare during the Cold War — but not by the Soviets.
“There were a number of accusations made by the Cubans that we had used insects to spread dengue fever and a whole bunch of crop pests,” Lockwood said.
But the accusations, which were mainly lobbed during the 1960s every time Cuba had an issue with its crops, were never proven.
North Korea and China also accused the U.S. of spreading germs using flies and mosquitoes during the Korean conflict, but no documents ever turned up to support the claim.
And decades later, in 1996, Russia filed charges on Cuba’s behalf — Cuba wasn’t a signatory to the Biological Weapons Convention, which is why Russia got involved — and a committee investigated. But it couldn’t confirm nor deny the charges.
The truth is, entomological warfare is pretty difficult to prove.
“You don’t really notice the infestation until it’s well underway,” Lockwood said. “Distinguishing accident from intention, especially with something like a crop pest, is darn near impossible.”
Speaking of crop pests, the U.S. was on the receiving end of an infestation in 1986, but no foul play was proved. Russian wheat aphids did considerable economic damage, though the bugs were apparently imported accidentally along with the wheat.
So those are some events that most closely align with this season’s Russia vs. America story arc on The Americans. But the U.S. history of entomological warfare since the 1950s is fascinating in general, especially considering the country started as an underdog.
During the Second World War, the United States lagged behind Japan, a powerhouse in the field, in part because it wasn’t above experimenting on humans. The Japanese army killed hundreds of thousands of Chinese by dropping bombs that unleashed cholera-infected flies on the population, and the mastermind was Japanese surgeon general Shiro Ishii.
Ishii avoided being charged with war crimes by divulging his research to the American government.
In the years that followed, the U.S. conducted insect research at Fort Detrick and developed powerful weapons, including yellow fever-carrying mosquitoes that could infect on a massive scale. (A test using noninfected mosquitoes was even conducted on American citizens.)
It could have been devastating, but the public wasn’t really concerned, preoccupied as it was with the threat of a nuclear attack.
“We had the impression in the U.S. at that time that we had pretty much mastered disease-carrying insects,” Lockwood said.
This was the era of DDT, when yellow fever and malaria had been eradicated in the U.S., and Lyme disease and Zika wasn’t an issue.
Whether or not the U.S. government knew it, the Soviet Union wasn’t invested in entomological warfare at the time. Lockwood said they were more interested in using aerosols to deliver pathogens.
“The idea coming out of World War II into the ’50s was technology was going to master the day,” Lockwood said. “Using insects kind of seemed primitive compared to stainless steel vats filled with bacterial pathogens that you could load up in a bomb or spray out of an airplane.”
Entomological warfare fell out of fashion. Under the Biological Weapons Convention, signed in 1972, the U.S. is prohibited from developing those kinds of weapons.
“But it doesn’t preclude small-scale biological warfare or entomological warfare methods as a way of defending ourselves,” Lockwood said. “In other words, you have to figure out what the enemy is capable of in order to defend yourself. And that line between defensive research and offensive production is pretty blurry.”
And, as we saw with the biological weapons storyline on last season’s The Americans, defensive research can be just as deadly.