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posed serious risks to the climate, but still promoting them as environmentally responsible. They also allege the companies mounted campaigns to downplay the risks of global warming and discredit research that human activity was to blame.

The companies have asked the judge to dismiss the lawsuits. Federal law controls fossil-fuel production, and Congress has encouraged oil and gas development, they said in court documents. They say the harm the cities claim is “speculative” and part of a complex chain of events that includes billions of oil and gas users and “environmental phenomena occurring worldwide over many decades.”

“The relief that plaintiffs seek would require a single judge sitting in San Francisco to unilaterally change the nation’s energy and environmental policies,” Joshua Lipshutz, an attorney for Chevron, told reporters.

The lawsuits say the companies have created a public nuisance and should pay for seawalls and other infrastructure to protect against the effects of climate change — construction that could cost billions of dollars.

New York City, several California counties and another California city have filed similar suits.

San Francisco City Attorney Dennis Herrera said the city looks forward to providing the “objective history of climate-change science.”

“We’ll see whether Big Oil acknowledges the scientific consensus and its role in causing climate change or doubles down, once again, on deception,” he said in a statement.

Chevron will not engage in a debate about climate change but instead present the conclusion of an international panel of scientists that said it is extremely likely people are the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid-1900s, said Avi Garbow, another attorney for Chevron.

Alsup said in a court filing about Wednesday’s tutorial that he wants to know whether the collective heat from burning fossil fuels contributes to warming, and if so, how. He also wants to know the main sources of carbon dioxide that account for the buildup of the gas in the atmosphere.

Deciding the lawsuits in favour of Oakland and San Francisco would be “revolutionary” and open the door to similar lawsuits, so Alsup may want to establish a strong base of scientific knowledge on climate change, said David Takacs, a professor at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, who studies climate change.

“He has to dot his i’s and cross his t’s,” he said. “It has to be a long public display that, ‘The science is making me rule on behalf of the plaintiffs.’”