SmartICE: Innovating Climate-Change Adaptation in Canada’s North
For Canada’s Inuit communities, melting Arctic ice affects everything. Memorial University geography professor Trevor Bell co-founded SmartICE, a system of ice mapping and measurement that incorporates Inuit knowledge and relies on community input to provide near real-time information on ice conditions. It shared the Arctic Inspiration Award in 2016, a $1 million prize endowed by Arnold Witzig and Simi Sharifi to thank the country that became their home.
Innovation responds to many types of opportunities and drivers. For SmartICE, recent unprecedented changes in sea-ice conditions, and the associated impacts on Inuit safety and livelihoods motivated our technological innovation. Severe social inequity between Inuit and most other Canadians, together with firsthand experience working with Inuit communities, drove our social innovation. And to grow our northern enterprise will require further innovation—this time in social financing.
SmartICE integrates on-ice technology, remote sensing and Inuit knowledge to generate near realtime information on ice conditions. To understand the enterprise’s origins and relevance, it’s important to appreciate that for more than six months of the year, sea ice hugs the Arctic coastline, where Inuit have lived and travelled for millennia. Sea ice is therefore not only a hunting platform and travel highway, it defines Inuit culture and identity.
Unfortunately, Arctic climate change is causing sea ice to be thinner, form later and break up earlier than before, resulting, for instance, in a decrease of 20 per cent per decade in September sea-ice extent along the Baffin Island coast. More troubling for ice users, warmer ocean currents are thinning the ice from beneath, leaving treacherous conditions undetectable at the surface.
Although often expressed as a gradual change, the greatest impacts of climate warming are typically experienced through the increasing frequency and magnitude of extreme events. Sea ice is no exception. The extremely warm winter of 2009-10 in the eastern Canadian Arctic provides insight into the impacts felt by communities when sea-ice conditions are severely compromised.
A survey of Nain residents (Nunatsiavut Inuit) revealed that about half of the respondents couldn’t use their typical on-ice travel routes and took more sea-ice travel risks, while about three-quarters reported they were unable to predict ice conditions and were afraid to use the ice. Conditions prevented more than a third from going hunting and accessing country food (the traditional Inuit diet; Arctic char, seal, caribou) in a community where 80 per cent of households are food insecure. Close to one-in-twelve sea-ice users surveyed had fallen through the ice.
These statistics tell the real story of the widespread impacts of climate change happening now in Inuit communities and demonstrate the critical need for both mitigation and adaptation actions. SmartICE was initiated as an urgent response to these impacts. Building on a close research partnership with the Nunatsiavut Government, the project team set about exploring how monitoring and information technology could be adapted for both the harsh sea-ice environment and the specific needs of Inuit travelers.
From the outset, SmartICE had some key principles and goals that helped direct its development. Foremost, it is designed to augment—not replace—Inuit knowledge of sea ice through involvement of Inuit in all aspects of its operation and decision-making. For it to be an effective climate-change adaptation for Inuit, SmartICE had to generate relevant sea-ice information at the community scale, in a timely manner, and in a format that is both comprehensible and accessible. In practice, SmartICE operators travel along community trails towing our mobile ice-thickness sensor (SmartQAMUTIK, from the Inuktitut (Baffin) word for an ice sled). The sensor generates real-time ice thickness data to help guide the operator, while the operator’s track is colourcoded according to ice thickness for the benefit of the community. Seaice users then modify their traditional travel routes based on this up-todate information.
A survey of Nain residents (Nunatsiavut Inuit) revealed that about half of the respondents couldn’t use their typical on-ice travel routes and took more sea-ice travel risks, while about three-quarters reported they were unable to predict ice conditions and were afraid to use the ice.
In response to community feedback, our maps have a straightforward legend that recommends Go, Slow Go, and No Go travel areas, based on ice stability, roughness, occurrence of leads and open water, and other travel hazards.
Likewise, our stationary ice-thickness sensor—the SmartBUOY—is designed to be affordable and efficient in measuring sea-ice thickness and snow depth at strategic locations identified by the community. These locations are usually representative of larger ice areas or early indicators of dangerous ice conditions. Its advantage over the SmartQAMUTIK is that the SmartBUOY operates autonomously at any distance from the community and transmits data by satellite.
SmartICE is preparing sea-ice travel hazard maps at the community scale every couple of weeks and more often during shoulder seasons when ice conditions are particularly dynamic. The maps are validated through the observations, measurements and traditional knowledge of our SmartICE operators. In response to community feedback, our maps have a straightforward legend that recommends Go, Slow Go, and No Go travel areas, based on ice stability, roughness, occurrence of leads and open water, and other travel hazards.
But SmartICE is not just a technological fix. It strives to be a social innovator, empowering communities to adapt to unpredictable ice conditions while maximizing societal impact. Following its successful demonstration in two pilot communities (Nain and Pond Inlet), and in response to increasing demand for its services, SmartICE established a northern social enterprise. The Arctic Inspiration Prize (2016) made this transformation possible—it was the game-changer that allowed SmartICE to shift its outlook from community research partnership to northern service provider.
Why a social enterprise business model? That was an easy choice. First, it is consistent with Inuit societal values, such as caring for the environment (Avatittinnik Kamatsiarniq) and community (Pijitsirniq) and being innovative and resourceful (Qanuqtuurniq). Second, it commits to creating positive community change—not profit for “southern” shareholders—while applying an entrepreneurial approach to the delivery of its services. To illustrate this social innovation, we are re-designing our SmartBUOY technology so it can be assembled by trained Inuit youth in Nunatsiavut for distribution across Inuit Nunangat. This technology production centre—the first of its kind up North—will not only harness the vast potential of Inuit youth, which can make up 60 per cent of local populations, but also inspire a new generation to embrace knowledge, technology and research as a vehicle for economic development and community well-being.
In the spirit of reconciliation and self-determination, and for SmartICE to be effective, Inuit are involved in all aspects of its operation and decision-making. Community seaice user groups created by SmartICE are made up of elders, youth, experienced and young hunters, and representatives from key local organizations (e.g., hunters and trappers). The groups, self-named ‘Sikumiut’ (“people of the ice”), advise SmartICE Inuit operators when and where to survey and how the information should be shared with their communities.
As SmartICE expands across the Arctic—currently nine communities, with about another dozen pursuing start-up opportunities—the enterprise needs to think ahead to its long-term sustainability and expanded market needs. This includes both scalable services and ongoing technology development to respond to more intensive climate impacts. For example, warmer temperatures and increased snow accumulation will turn sea-ice surfaces into slush, resulting in increasingly more dangerous ice travel. SmartICE is developing and integrating a new sensor that measures the occurrence and thickness of slush, for deployment on the SmartQAMUTIK.
Although less featured in the popular media than sea ice, freshwater ice on lakes and rivers is also experiencing shorter and less predictable seasons. It is estimated that almost 10,000 km of winter trails provide surface access to re-supply remote, mostly Indigenous communities across the northern provinces and territories of Canada. With few exceptions, these trails are not monitored for ice travel safety, despite the evidence of increasingly warmer winters and documented break-throughs of resupply vehicles. SmartICE is adapting its monitoring systems and services to generate near real-time information on freshwater ice conditions for the benefit of both communities and businesses across the Arctic interior.
Mining, shipping, fisheries, tourism, emergency response, national defense and environmental monitoring are all carried out to some degree on or through ice in the Arctic and therefore information on ice conditions, especially during the dynamic freeze-up and break-up periods, reduces their risk and improves operational performance.
SmartICE is actively engaging industries and government services to explore how it can meet their ice information needs on a commercial basis, while subsidizing services for communities. It is also exploring opportunities for social financing, which mobilizes private capital to deliver both a social dividend and an economic return to achieve societal and environmental goals. Being an Arctic Inspiration Prize laureate opens doors to prospective investors and we are extremely grateful for the generosity of Sima Sharifi and Arnold Witzig in creating the prize and recognizing the importance of Arctic innovation.
In the spirit of reconciliation and self-determination, and for SmartICE to be effective, Inuit are involved in all aspects of its operation and decision-making. Community sea-ice user groups created by SmartICE are made up of elders, youth, experienced and young hunters, and representatives from key local organizations (e.g., hunters and trappers).
Trevor Bell is University Research Professor in Geography at Memorial University of Newfoundland. Since its inception Trevor has led the development of the SmartICE initiative, a recipient of the 2017 United Nations Climate Solutions Award.