A step in the right direction
Brown pointe shoes arrive, 200 years after white ones
For nearly her whole career, Cira Robinson has — like many ballet dancers of colour — performed a ritual: Painting her pointe shoes to match her skin.
She did it first in 2001, when she was 15, at a summer program with Dance Theatre of Harlem in New York. The company said her shoes needed to be brown, not the traditional pink, but she could not find any in stores, so she used spray paint. “It made them crunchy and just … ew,” she said in a telephone interview.
When she joined Dance Theatre a few years later, she started using makeup instead. “I’d go to the cheapest stores and get foundation,” she said, the kind “you’d never put on your face as it’d break you out. Like, $2.95 cheap.”
She would go through five tubes a week, sponging it onto 12 to 15 pairs of shoes — a process known in ballet circles as pancaking. It took 45 minutes to an hour to do a pair, she said, because she wanted to make sure the foundation got into every crevice and covered every bit of ribbon.
Did she find these steps annoying? “I didn’t know any different,” Robinson, 32, said.
But now, Robinson — a senior artist at Ballet Black, a British dance company — is no longer obliged to do so. In October, Freed of London, which supplies her shoes, started selling two pointe shoes specifically for dancers of colour: One brown, the other bronze.
Freed is not the first firm to make pointe shoes for dancers of colour — the U.S. company Gaynor Minden has been producing some more than a year — but the new shoes from Freed, a large supplier in the ballet world, highlight one of the stranger rituals that dancers of colour have to perform.
It is also a reminder that black dancers — especially female ones — are a rarity in ballet. They remain barely represented at the top of the field, despite some signs of change and an increased awareness of the need for diversity at the schools feeding professional companies.
Shoes are not the only costuming reminders of the lack of diversity in ballet. In September, Precious Adams, a first artist at English National Ballet, raised the issue of pink tights. “In ballet people have very strong ideas about tradition,” she told London’s Evening Standard newspaper. “They think me wearing brown tights in a tutu is somehow ‘incorrect.’”
“But I want to look my best onstage. I’m not colourblind, and I think it ruins the line of my body.”
Dancers, though, cannot do whatever they like, Adams added. Directors decide on outfits. And often uniformity is a goal.
Dancers in the corps, particularly, have to blend in with the group. Robinson of Ballet Black said dancers of colour cannot always wear fleshcoloured shoes or tights, if it would make them stand out.
She said she had seen a soloist at the English National Ballet wear brown tights and shoes, when everyone else was in pink — “but she was a soloist.” (It works differently at Dance Theatre of Harlem and Ballet Black, which are predominantly made up of people of colour.)
“We want to shake up tradition a bit,” Robinson said, “but some things you can’t.”
Still, the new shoes have been welcomed. “This isn’t about shoes, this is about who belongs in ballet and who doesn’t,” said Virginia Johnson, artistic director of Dance Theatre, in a phone interview. “It’s a signal that the world is open to you.”
Pointe shoes were invented around 1820, said Anna Meadmore, a dance historian and curator of the Royal Ballet School collections. They contain a rigid “block” made of glue and fabric at the front that allows the female dancer to dance on pointe — on the tips of her toes.
The shoes were originally white to help dancers appear ghostly — the romantic ideal in the early 1800s was for women to be ethereal — but pink came to dominate as a way to approximate European dancers’ flesh. Shoes should blend in with the leg, Meadmore said, and not “break the line.”
Pointe shoes are made individually for dancers by specialist makers, and dancers always have favourite suppliers. Most dancers spend time customizing their shoes, whatever their skin colour. Some who like them soft will bash them against walls repeatedly, or crush them. Others will add glue to keep them stiff. They also have to sew ribbons into every shoe so they can be tied to the foot, and sometimes add elastic for extra hold.
But the painting rituals are a step beyond. (Male dancers do not traditionally wear pointe shoes, but they too have to paint their shoes if they want them to match skin tone.)
Johnson said she wore pink shoes when she started dancing in the 1950s and thought nothing of it until the
’70s when Arthur Mitchell, a founder of Dance Theatre, decided his dancers should wear shoes and tights to match their skin. Johnson then started using makeup to paint her shoes.
“It was quite wonderful to be onstage and just to be myself, 100 per cent the colour I was,” she said, “one line, one shape, a colour that has integrity.”
She recalled that Capezio supplied brown shoes for Dance Theatre for a short time, and at one point later the company’s dancers dyed their shoes with a product meant for bridal pumps. “Evangeline Shoe Dye,” Johnson said. “I haven’t thought about that name in years.” But since 2012, most members paint their shoes with acrylic paint, Johnson said. Dance Theatre’s wardrobe master mixes paint to match each dancer’s skin tone.
Some dancers in the company still use makeup. Ingrid Silva has posted videos on YouTube showing how she pancakes her shoes to aid young dancers.
“A lot of people complain: It’s a long process, and it’s expensive,” Silva said. “The brand I use — Black Opal’s ebony brown — is $11 a bottle, and with that I can do three shoes.” She goes through an average of two pairs of shoes a week, meaning she used to spend $770 a year on makeup for shoes, a significant sum given dancers’ low pay. (Black Opal recently started supplying her free of charge.)
Silva, who is from Brazil, said the new shoes for dancers of colour were a positive development, but more tones were needed. She cannot use the Freed shoes because they are not her colour or style, she said. This echoes calls in the beauty world for wider ranges of foundation to reflect skin tones. (Last year, Rihanna introduced Fenty Beauty, a makeup line that offers 40 foundation colours, to meet that demand).
Shoes are also just one issue, Silva said. “There’s so much more the dance world has to learn,” she added, “starting from companies hiring more dancers of colour.”