Squirrels kill rivals’ offspring when food plentiful
EDMONTON — Male red squirrels kill the offspring of their male rivals in years when there’s a lot of food, researchers have found.
A research project by scientists at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, published last week in the journal Ecology, is the first to observe and document the practice.
“It was definitely a complete surprise,” said biologist Jessica Haines, a post-doctoral student who led the study. “It was kind of horrifying, but, at the same time, fascinating and really exciting to see this behaviour.”
Haines witnessed the behaviour — sexually selected infanticide — in spring 2014 when she was studying red squirrels near Kluane National Park in the southwestern Yukon.
“I heard a commotion quite close to me and I walked quickly over, and that’s when I saw the infanticide,” she recalled. “It happened quite quickly.”
Her research had already involved tagging some squirrels’ ears with identifying markers, so she could tell exactly which ones were involved.
A male squirrel had entered a female’s territory, grabbed her pup and killed it by biting its chest and stomach. He dropped the dead pup when he was chased away by the mother, Haines said.
“All of her pups died eventually,” Haines said. “I found one of them later and it had similar injuries that I had seen the male inflict on the pup he killed.”
Genetic techniques were used to determine that the squirrel killing the pups was not their father.
“He was killing the offspring of his rivals,” Haines said. “When the female had a second litter later that same year, he was the father of all of her offspring.
“He was able to gain a benefit from killing those pups.”
The research showed that female squirrels breed more quickly if their first litter is killed. “If they have a litter that dies, they are more likely to have a second litter,” Haines said. “If they have a successful first litter, they are less likely to have that second litter.”
The observations were only made in years when there were a lot of white spruce cones — the squirrel’s main food source.
“The trees produce variable amounts of cones every year so, periodically, we have these years called mast years,” Haines said.
Squirrels can predict when mast years are going to occur, she said. During mast years, which happen infrequently, females tend to have two litters, Haines said.
“We think this infanticide happens more often during these mast years because that is when the females are likely to produce a second litter,” she said. “In the other years, they are unlikely to produce a second litter, so we don’t think the males spend the time and energy it would take to kill the pups because they are unlikely to benefit from it.”
Previous research has shown that, despite the death of the first litter, survival rates of red squirrel pups are still higher in mast years.
Sexually selected infanticide is normally more common among species that live in groups, such as lions, which will kill the offspring of rivals before taking over the pride. It has also been documented in grizzly bears.