Russian troll farms may be connected to the Kremlin
Thinly veiled operation likely still had high-level support
MOSCOW— Trolling political opponents has become so routine in Russia, such a part of the everyday landscape, that operations are typically performed without much effort to cover any tracks.
So when Russian trolling techniques were exported to the United States as part of the effort to influence the 2016 presidential election, it seems to have been done with the same lack of discipline that characterizes the practice in Russia.
That devil-may-care attitude helped make possible the identification and indictment of 13 Russians and three Russian companies, with the United States accusing them of trying to subvert the election, including efforts to bolster the candidacy of Donald Trump and undercut the campaign of his opponent, Hillary Clinton.
Just because the operation was thinly veiled, however, does not mean that the Russian trolling — creating provocative online posts about immigration, religion and race to try to sway voters — lacked high-level support.
Indeed, ever since the first reports surfaced in 2014 about the existence of a troll farm called the Internet Research Agency, there have been questions about its Kremlin ties.
The U.S. indictment is among the clearest documents yet in stating outright that Yevgeny Prigozhin, a businessman grown fabulously wealthy off government contracts, controls the agency despite denials from him and the Kremlin. He has long been linked to President Vladimir Putin, not least through his nickname, “Putin’s cook,” inspired by his catering company, which mushroomed from hosting state banquets to feeding much of the military.
“Because it targets someone pretty close to the Kremlin, it really points at the Kremlin,” said Konstantin von Eggert, a veteran journalist and political analyst, referring to the indictment. “Such things are very tightly controlled in Russia. You cannot launch your own private war against the United States.”
Others noted, however, that degrees of control vary. There is a saying in Russian that the Kremlin has many towers, meaning that various bureaucratic cabals and government agencies hold differing and sometimes competing interests.
The Kremlin; the FSB, the main security service; and the SVR, or the foreign intelligence service, all have interests overseas, which complicates singling out the troll farm’s ultimate godfather.
Also, this kind of operation is designed for deniability, with the overall mandate endorsed by the government, but probably not the day-today operations.
“People do not go ask permission from Putin: ‘Vladimir Vladimirovich, can we go hack the servers of the Democratic Party?’ It’s not like that,” said Anton Merkurov, an internet analyst. “Putin never really uses the internet, so he doesn’t understand how it works.”
Those named in the indictment have proved difficult for reporters to reach, with their cellphones often shut off and no response to messages left for them on social media.
The overall aim of the Russian government — be it through trolling, hacking or disinformation — was to spread confusion and unease about government institutions in the West and to shore up popular support at home. The actual techniques were unlikely to be laid out in a paper trail, Merkurov noted.
The fact that the efforts of the troll farm described in the indictment — the fake campaign protests in Florida or New York; the myriad accounts mimicking Americans set up on Twitter and Facebook; the trips to the United States to organize it all — were so easy to trace back to the internet Research Agency probably underscores that the intelligence services were not involved in running the organization.
The government and its proxies had been using bots and trolls for so long against its internal critics that it probably did not consider that shifting the operations overseas demanded a significantly different approach, said Vladimir Frolov, a foreign affairs analyst.
“It was very ad hoc, very amateurish,” he said. “They did not consider this to be a sensitive operation. They used easily traceable methods.”
A lot of the information in the 37page indictment had appeared previously in Russia, especially in a nearly 5,000-word article in RBC magazine in November. Quoting unidentified current and former employees, the article’s details ranged from the names of key employees, to their tasks, to their working methods.
“Putin never really uses the internet, so he doesn’t understand how it works.” ANTON MERKUROV INTERNET ANALYST
Analysts noted that the relatively easily tracked efforts by the Internet Research Agency are very different from, for example, the U.S. investigation into what could be a strategically more threatening case: whether Kaspersky Labs gave a backdoor entry to Russian intelligence services into U.S. government computers running its software. Kaspersky Labs strenuously denies any such collusion.
On Thursday, the White House also blamed Russia for the calamitous ‘NotPetya’ cyberattack last year, echoing the British government in condemning Moscow for unleashing a virus that shuttered some of Ukraine’s infrastructure and damaged computers globally. Russia denied any link.
Those operations involved highly sophisticated penetration of cybernetworks, the analysts noted, whereas the troll farm work is akin to graffiti — writing nasty messages on Twitter and Facebook.
If there was any substantial Russian influence in the election, it was far more likely from the information hacked from the Democratic Party headquarters that was leaked to the press, Frolov said.
On Saturday, Sergey Lavrov, the Russian foreign minister, dismissed the indictment as “just blabber.”
“I have no response. We see these statements and indictments multiplying,” Lavrov said at an international security conference in Munich.
The official reaction basically mocked the idea that 13 people could somehow muster a negative impact on American democracy. “Mueller’s list: Russian superagents are capable of anything,” read one sarcastic headline on a television website.