Vikings may have travelled by harnessing the sunstone
Before Google Maps and GPS, before knowledge of magnetic compasses travelled from China to Europe, Viking sailors journeyed across the North Atlantic. A thousand years ago, the trip between Norway and Greenland by longboat took about three weeks. Viking navigators used shadows cast by a sun compass, a ring with a central fin like a sun dial’s, to identify geographic north.
But such compasses work only when the sun shines, not on foggy or cloudy days. In 1967, Danish archeologist Thorkild Ramskou proposed that the Vikings had a backup tool for navigation. Perhaps, he suggested, they tracked the sun through the clouds using chunks of crystal called sunstones.
Sunstones sound wild, even mystical. But two optics researchers, Dénes Száz and Gábor Horváth at Budapest’s Eotvos Lorand University, calculated that the Vikings could have used sunstones to orient their ships on the long voyage to Greenland.
The sunstone trick hinges on a property of sunlight called polarization. Polarization simply means that the light has a non-random orientation. When sunlight travels through the atmosphere, it forms polarized rings, with the sun at the centre like a bull’s eye.
Animals such as fish and migratory birds are able to detect the polarization of the sun’s rays and use it to navigate. Human eyes, though, need help. Crystals such as calcite, also called Iceland spar, can reveal the direction of polarization, a bit like a prism that reveals the rainbow within white light.
A sunstone brightens as it aligns with polarized skylight, even on cloudy days. When the sunstone is brightest, the crystal points at the sun, allowing a theoretical Viking ship to get its bearings.
Archaeological evidence that Vikings actually used sunstones is scant. In 2013, a crystal of Iceland spar was found amid the wreckage of a British ship that sank in 1592. “This raised the possibility that the sky-polarimetric navigation method might have been used still, even in the 16th century,” Horváth said.
Much older Viking legends, such as the “The Saga of King Olaf,” refer to navigation by sólarsteinn — a sunstone. And the theory holds up in experimental tests: Physicist Guy Ropars, at France’s University of Rennes 1, built a sunstone device and used it to find the location of the sun to within 1 per cent of the sky, Science magazine reported in 2011.
Recent work by Horváth and Száz gauged the success of a Viking ship navigating from Norway to Greenland by sunstone. They simulated a Viking boat that sailed beneath a sky with randomly changing meteorological conditions. The scientists modelled the properties of sunstone crystals based on laboratory tests and planetarium experiments.
After running the simulation 36,000 times, they concluded that a sunstone could guide Vikings through fog and clouds, as long as a navigator identified the sun once per three hours. Given that time frame, “the navigation success was very high,” Horváth said — between 80 and100 per cent, as the scientists reported Wednesday in the journal Royal Society Open Science. If the simulated Vikings used calcite sunstones once every four hours or more, they missed Greenland and sailed all the way to Canada.