SEXISM SCANDAL
A Tokyo medical school’s discrimination against women reveals deeper issue in Japan’s economy,
TOKYO— Revelations that a medical school in Tokyo systematically excluded female students in favour of less-qualified men shocked the world. Yet in Japan, few expect anything to change any time soon.
The scandal highlights broader problems facing Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s efforts to revive the economy. From stubborn gender roles to a harddriving work culture to the ballooning health care needs of a rapidly aging society, many of Japan’s most intractable woes were put on display at Tokyo Medical University.
The university acknowledged earlier this month it had manipulated test scores to ensure women remain a minority of its student body because it was concerned brutal work hours might prompt them to leave the workforce. Government data show they have a point: Fewer than three-quarters of female doctors are working 12 years after qualifying as physicians, compared with almost 90 per cent of men.
The burden of the world’s oldest population has combined with Japan’s fixation on long hours and an indifference to wasting female talent, forming a toxic prescription that has hampered women’s career prospects as well as improvements in productivity and living standards in Japan. The government has launched a nationwide review of admission procedures at medical schools.
Unearthing the scandal could signal the start of a cultural shift, said Takuji Okubo, chief economist at Japan Macro Advisors in Tokyo, though he cautioned that the change would take considerable political will.
“Maybe people are starting to actually feel what they were doing was wrong, because of this general pressure to have a more equal status between males and females,” Okubo said. He added that Japan is a long way from how it should be. “It will still take significant political leadership — it’s going to take a few decades at the current pace.” Concern about Japan’s shrinking workforce and aging demographics has prompted Abe to try to lower the barriers keeping women from contributing fully to the economy. His patchwork of measures has been criticized for not going far enough and he has shown little indication of a course correction as he campaigns for another term as prime minister.
Abe introduced legislation this year limiting overtime and trying to narrow the gulf between treatment of full and part-time workers, a role women are often pushed into. He has vowed to enable anyone to work if they want — regardless of age, disability or family responsibilities. The effect so far has been limited; the Nikkei newspaper reported that overtime restrictions won’t take effect in the medical profession until 2024.
Kumiko Karasawa, dean of the School of Medicine at Tokyo Women’s Medical University, pointed to inhumane working practices and schedules as the root of the problem.
“In medicine, there is this idea that if you don’t work long, hard hours you are a bad doctor,” she said. “For example, if you are pregnant or giving birth and want to take time off or need to go home to take care of your kids, you are considered no good as a doctor.”
Education Minister Yoshima- sa Hayashi this month condemned Tokyo Medical University’s exclusion of women, saying the government would consider cutting its subsidies. He also announced a survey of admissions procedures at all of Japan’s 81 medical schools, who were expected to report back last Friday.
Government data has long indicated that male applicants tacitly receive priority for entry to some medical schools. The proportion of female medical students in Japan swelled dramatically between the 1970s and the1990s, only to level off at about one-third — which is where it has been stuck for two decades. That’s despite the fact that female applicants are more likely than men to succeed at college applications in general.
A study published by the Nikkei Monday found that men were more likely than women to pass entrance tests at threequarters of Japan’s medical schools. At some universities women were less than half as likely as men to pass secondround tests, which include essays and interviews.
“It’s been rumoured that the system is rigged to keep women out,” said Asami Kawakami, a fifth-year medical student from Osaka, who said the scandal prompted her to consider studying overseas. “I don’t think our society wants women to be in a position to give orders.”
Only about 20 per cent of Japan’s doctors are women, compared with an average of 46 per cent across member countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 34 per cent in the U.S. and more than 70 per cent in Latvia.
Encouraging women’s rise in the professions has been part of Abe’s prescription for stemming the labour shortage. Yet his policies haven’t moved the needle much.
While Japan’s labour force participation rate for women rose to 49.8 per cent last year, compared with 46.2 per cent in 2012, relatively few women are in supervisory positions. Women still made up just 3.7 per cent of directors of listed companies in 2017, for example, ranking toward the bottom of OECD countries.
Song Mihyon, a well-known female doctor and author of several books, said one solution should apply to both genders: Japan needs to make it easier for physicians to achieve a healthier work-life balance.
“Young people in general don’t want to work like slaves as the older generation expects,” she said.