Togo sells castoffs back to Europe
Designer refashions old clothes to prove industry ‘is going too far’ Ayivi’s label Marché Noir feeds on the overproduction of clothes within the fashion industry today.
LOMÉ, TOGO— Most of the brickand-mortar shops in the Grand Marché de Hedzranawoe are shuttered, but plywood boutiques overflow the hallways and plazas that run through its geometric tiled corridors. Velvet dresses, boxer briefs, ties, overalls, wedding dresses and ear muffs hang from exposed beams like curtains on display. One morning in March, Amah Ayivi, a designer and clothing dealer, dug through mounds of utility jumpsuits, his hands bedecked with heavy silver rings. His soft eyes squinted and darted as he systematically sorted through the piles.
“You can go through all of this and only find one, or zero, or 20,” he said over the rhythmic squeaking horns and the nasal cries of food and drink vendors.
Ayivi said he was looking for “old-school and vintage and good colours and materials” that he would later ship to Paris and upsell as vintage under his label Marché Noir.
There’s no better place in Togo to do so: Hedzranawoe market, open six days a week, is Lomé’s hub for second-hand clothing. The wares come mostly from Europe, though they also are imported from China, Israel and the United States. Togo imported $54 million worth of second-hand clothing in 2016, according to the Economic Complexity Observatory.
Much of the clothing comes from charitable donations in wealthy countries. The garments are shipped in colourful containers. Once they arrive, they are sorted, repacked and sold in ever smaller bales.
While the imports provide affordable clothing for poor consumers, they have also undermined local textile manufacturing industries. Some countries have tried to control the trade. Last year, the East African Community, an intergovernmental organization of six countries in the African Great Lakes region, placed high tariffs on second-hand clothing imports with the intention of banning them by 2019.
The organization hoped to protect and foster local textile manufacturing industries. The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative threatened to kick the countries out of the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act if they did not remove the tariffs. Only Rwanda maintained the trade restrictions and, in March, the United States announced it would suspend the country from the preferential trade deal.
Nigeria has long banned second-hand clothing imports. But this has only shifted demand. Used clothing is smuggled into Nigeria, and in Lomé, Nigerians dominate the resale industry.
Victor Chukwu, a Nigerian who has worked in Togo since 1983, has a boutique in the market and a warehouse nearby packed to the ceiling with sacks of karate uniforms and engineer wear. At the storeroom, Ayivi covered his mouth with a bandana to protect from the dust, while Chukwu’s employees clambered atop the piled sacks looking for buried treasures.
“Careful, careful, careful! They are heavy!” Chukwu shouted. One sack rolled down the mound, a spare Santa hat poking out the top, and Chukwu fell back into the sacks, treating them like a giant pillow mound, laughing. “Fashion is always bringing back the old thing,” he said.
Marché Noir includes vintage pieces, a selection of African handicrafts and original women’s and menswear designs. For women, he selects funky silk dresses and skirts. For men, he has a penchant for uniforms: military, work wear and boxy denim, which he sometimes prints with his logo.
“It used to be Marché Noir Paris, now it’s Lomé-Paris,” Ayivi said. “I changed because as I’m working here a lot, I want to keep the African identity.” Lomé is where his business is registered and it’s where the vast majority of his vintage garments come from — even the French ones. But he makes his money in France.
During Paris Men’s Fashion Week in March, Ayivi assembled his goods inside the Supermarket, a concept space in the chic Marais neighbourhood. Like the market rows in Lomé, the streets of the Marais in Paris are tight alleyways. But in Paris, juice bars and cafés stand in for beverage hawkers, the roads are cobblestone instead of dirt and concrete and the displays are contained behind glinting glass vitrines.
Passersby observed while Ayivi installed the shop. He and a couple of assistants steamed rumpled garments and hung vintage nightgowns and screen-printed denim jackets alongside batakali tunics of Ayivi’s own design. They stacked Moroccan rugs, leather bags, Tuareg rings and plastic woven basket bags.
Downstairs was a small speakeasy, a red-lit cellar with textiles and Malick Sidibe photographs on the walls, and a record player atop dated speakers, playing Bob Marley and Manu Dibango.
Ayivi frames his participation in fashion as commentary on consumerism. “Fashion is too fast,” he said. “Overproducing. We have to think about how to create a style with what we have.”
The clothes he carries back to Europe make visible normally unseen global supply chains, the spidery pathways clothing takes after it is discarded. “I bring them back to prove, to show that the fashion industry is too much, is going too far,” he said.
Marché Noir’s business model feeds on this overproduction. The clothes are cheap where he buys them. The pieces change value as they change context. In Lomé, the vintage coveralls he seeks are dated, out of fashion. In Paris, they are modern and stylish. He is preparing another pop-up for Paris Fashion Week in September.
Ayivi’s globally sourced garments reflect a life lived between countries. “I want to bring this African touch also. For me, the African touch is not just about African fabric or African dresses,” he said. “In Africa I find a lot of style in the street. The kids in the streets, the women selling fish, they have this touch of style you don’t find everywhere. This inspires us.”
He calls it “Afro aestheticism.” The reclamation of traditional African cloth into contemporary design is a growing movement across the continent and diaspora. Maki Oh is a successful Nigerian designer who incorporates traditional dying techniques and layers local stories and meanings into her line. MaXhosa by Laduma is a South African brand doing similar work incorporating traditional Xhosa esthetics into knitwear.
“I want to bring it here in Europe,” Ayivi said.
“In two years, I want this to be everywhere, in every magazine, in the street.”