Oldest lizard fossil shows link to snakes
EDMONTON • Scientists say they have identified the world’s oldest lizard fossil — a discovery that sheds light on the evolution of lizards and snakes.
The fossil, which is 240 million years old, is called Megachirella wachtleri and is believed to be the most ancient ancestor of scaled reptiles known as squamates. The conclusion is based on an analysis of data from both living and extinct reptiles.
The research by scientists in Alberta — as well as in Australia, Italy and the United States — was published Wednesday in the journal Nature.
“It’s a fossil lizard that we found to be the oldestknown lizard on the planet,” said Tiago Simoes, a PhD student in the University of Alberta’s biological sciences department and the study’s lead author. The specimen is 75 million years older than thought when first described in 1993, he said. Simoes said it fills a gap in understanding the evolution of lizards and snakes.
There are about 10,000 species of squamates, and scientists say they are still learning about the early stages of the animals’ evolution.
Researchers initially thought the fossil, which was found in northern Italy’s Dolomite Mountains, was related to but not actually a lizard. Further analysis, however, determined it to be the oldest relative of existing lizards and snakes.
He said researchers in the last four years compiled the largest dataset ever. It included micro CT scans, photographs and molecular analysis rather than relying on previous research.
“We are sure it’s a lizard by the particular combination of features,” said Simoes.
Some of those features include the shape of bones in the brain, shoulder and trunk of the fossil. The results indicate a more gradual evolution than previously thought.
“It’s important … to understand how such a diverse and important component of the modern biological world originated,” said Simoes. “There has been a lot of hot debate in the past.
“For the first time, we are providing agreement.”
He said it’s also valuable to know how invertebrates evolved during drastic shifts in environmental conditions.
“One of the things we learned in this study was that most of the larger groups of reptiles were already present in the Permian period, which means they were present and evolved before the largest mass extinction in the history of the planet.”