Creating a cooler lithium-ion battery
SAN DIEGO — At American Lithium Energy’s headquarters outside San Diego, president and co-founder Jiang Fan opens a padlocked door to the company’s battery testing chamber.
Here, squat machines puncture batteries with nails, crush them with a weight and pump so much voltage into them during recharging that they swell like miniature balloons.
This abuse could spark explosions or fires in typical lithium-ion batteries. Yet American Lithium’s cells don’t blow up or ignite. They’re misshapen but harmless.
The small company, which mostly supplies batteries to the United States military, believes it has come up with technology to improve safety in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries — the power source for a growing number of electronic gadgets ranging from cellphones to laptops to electric cars to home energy storage.
The technology, branded Safe Core, is complicated, and Fan isn’t revealing many details. But Safe Core stems from a U.S. Department of Energy project to deliver high-energy electric vehicle batteries that won’t catch fire in a crash, and it has been applied to wearable bullet safe batteries for soldiers.
“What we did was put a fuse inside the cell, so when something is wrong inside, our fuse will kick in and break the current and then the battery will be safe,” said Fan, who has doctorate in solid state chemistry from Arizona State University.
Though rare, reports of lithium-ion batteries bursting into flames have made headlines over the years — most recently with Samsung’s Galaxy Note 7.
The South Korean electronics giant spent $5.3 billion US recalling the flagship smartphone, which became infamous at airports as passengers heard announcements for months that the Note 7 wouldn’t be allowed on-board.
American Lithium, which has delivered more than 20,000 batteries to U.S. Department of Defense customers since 2011, recently spun out a new company called Amionx to commercialize Safe Core technology. It has two patents issued and four pending. It hopes to license the technology for use in lithium-ion batteries globally.
The company isn’t alone in trying to make lithium-ion batteries safer. Several startups and research labs are working on new techniques — including using solid materials that are less volatile than those used in today’s lithium-ion batteries.
But that transition to next-generation batteries is still several years away. American Lithium contends its technology can be rolled out in existing battery production lines in as little as six months without a significant increase in capital equipment costs or bill of materials expense.
Fan said the company has included the technology in its own battery manufacturing operation for its military customers.
“People who don’t know about this, at first they will probably be skeptical,” said Fan “But when they look at our facility, we have the same facility they have. It is not a lab project. It is at real scale, and it has been validated by the U.S. military.”
American Lithium may be on to something, said Brian Morin, president of Dreamweaver International, a provider of advanced technology for batteries.
“Not having dug into their technology but having read the patent, the concept works,” said Morin, a board member of the National Alliance for Advanced Technology Batteries, a trade group focused on electrochemical energy storage technology. “Whether the implementation works or not I don’t know. But the concept works.”
Morin added that American Lithium is taking a novel path toward improving battery safety. “There are not 10 other guys trying to do the same thing,” he said.
First brought to market by Sony in 1991, lithium-ion batteries have significant advantages over nickel cadmium in terms of energy density, rapid recharging and cost, according to Tirias Research.
Their chemistry and cell structure, however, present a potential risk of fire, estimated at anywhere from one in a million to one in 50 million.
To mitigate the risk, sophisticated battery management software is used to prevent overcharging and detect problems. Fire retardant chemicals and hardened shells are sometimes included with battery packs to boost safety — though they can hurt performance.
The market for batteries is growing, driven in part by electric vehicles and the surge in number of smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices. Allied Market Research forecasts that the lithium-ion battery market will grow from $30 billion US in 2015 to more than $77 billion US by 2024.
Telsa is building a battery factory, called the Gigafactory, in Nevada that it estimates will eventually produce enough batteries to power 500,000 Tesla cars.
There also is increasing pressure to get more power out of batteries for mobile video and other energy-hungry applications.
“As people try to put more energy into the cell, they end up making compromises,” said Morin. “Each one is just a little compromise in terms of safety, but it makes the whole system less robust. So the level of manufacturing defects (the battery) can withstand is lower.”