Clothes matter in choosing a nursing home

Care reflected in how residents dressed, writes Pat Armstrong.

Last year, Elizabeth Wettlaufer pleaded guilty to killing eight nursing home residents while working as a nurse in southern Ontario between 2007 and 2016. The inquiry into this case has once again raised debate about how nursing homes are inspected, and how the health and safety of residents can be ensured.

When I tell my friends that I am writing about clothes and laundry in nursing homes, they are even more surprised. But when I say this to anyone who lives in, works in or visits a nursing home, they understand how clothes and laundry are, in fact, critical to health.

Clothes are about gender, class, culture and care. Indeed, clothes are central to our personal identity and our dignity.

Clothes have a particular significance in the communal setting that is a nursing home, where so many other aspects of identity may be under threat. Clothes are a way to establish individuality, helping residents and their families control how they are perceived by others. Clothes also indicate how much and what kind of work went into their presentation and care. Our research team has searched in Norway, Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada for ideas worth sharing on how to make nursing homes as good as they can be for those who live and work in them. Everywhere we heard about clothes and laundry. On admission to a nursing home, residents are often told to bring only three changes of clothes. Many homes require that clothes be labelled, machine washable and able to withstand the high temperatures used to destroy germs that may be a threat to seniors. So forget about that cashmere sweater your daughter gave you.

The labelling is not surprising. In one home, clothes were returned from an outside laundry on racks that were left in the hallway. One daughter told us that residents treated the racks like those in Walmart, taking their pick.

We also witnessed residents in mismatched clothing, in sagging urine-stained pants and with blouses undone.

In some places, this reflected the regulation that requires staff to have everyone up, dressed and at breakfast by 8 a.m. The rush was complicated by staffing numbers too small to deal with both the high needs and significant variation among residents.

But we also observed places where residents were well dressed in ways that established their identity. A number of practices and structures contributed. The most common was daughters taking their mothers’ clothes home to be cleaned. Decentsized closets also helped ensure a range of choices. The Swedish home also had a small washer/dryer in each resident’s bathroom. When the care worker came to help the resident get up and dressed, she put the clothes in the washing machine and adjusted it for delicate wash when necessary.

The practice also kept any germs in the room and prevented clothes from being lost. Washer/dryers in each room may be out of reach for many homes, but other homes have adjustable machines in each small section of the home.

The homes where we saw better-dressed residents tended to have lots of staff, like one German home that had 66 nursing staff supplemented by 110 apprentices. Some Norwegian homes had nearly one staff member per resident.

But other strategies can also help. In one Nova Scotia home, the residents can get up when they want and eat in their pyjamas if they wish. This gives workers the time to pay attention to each resident’s dress.

We have other examples of promising practices and these are detailed in an Ideas Worth Sharing series of books and e-books we have produced.

Above all, when designing, managing and choosing nursing homes, we need to pay attention to clothes. This means attending to how residents are helped to dress and how clothes are worn, cleaned and stored.

Pat Armstrong is a research professor of sociology at York University.

This was originally published on The Conversation.