A history of male beauty in China

Before the Wei Kingdom (220265) in China, the concept of men’s beauty had little to do with outward appearances. Instead it was largely focused on the Confucian philosophy of being a junzi, a man who is noble and honorable.

But perceptions started to change when men, especially those who enjoyed a high social status, started applying foundation on their skin to make it look brighter and smooth. Some also used balm-based products to make their lips appear shiny.

According to records, the wellknown scholar Cao Zhi during the Three Kingdoms (220-280) once refused to receive his visiting friend before washing his face and applying foundation. He Yan, a celebrity during that era, was said to have carried his foundation and lipstick everywhere he went. Other grooming practices among Chinese aristocrats included burning imported incense to scent their clothes.

The reason for this shift in the perception of beauty, according to some historians, was due to continuous wars during the period from the 3rd century to the late 6th century that caused people to realize the fragility of life. The quick change of regimes also diminished the influence of Confucianism, the once dominant school of thought in the country since the Han Dynasty (206 BC to AD 220), providing intellectuals with an opportunity to talk about their own philosophies.