Sourcing raw materials for batteries a key test

Major carmakers like Volkswagen, Daimler and Stellantis have been racing to secure battery cell supplies in Europe but may face a bigger challenge: finding enough raw materials.

Failure to obtain adequate supplies of lithium, nickel, manganese or cobalt could slow the shift to electric vehicles, make those vehicles more expensive and threaten carmakers’ profit margins.

“There is a serious question as to whether supply can keep up with demand across the battery supply chain,” says Daniel Harrison, an auto analyst at Ultima Media.

Until recently, Europe was seen as having lost the battery race to dominant Asian manufacturers like CATL in China, South Korea’s LG Chem, and Japan’s Panasonic, says Ilka von Dalwigk from EIT InnoEnergy, which has set up a company network funded by the European Union in the “European Battery Alliance”.

“Nobody saw that as a problem,” says von Dalwigk. “The thinking was that we can import battery cells.”

But forecasts from banks like UBS, that EV sales would soar over the coming decade, shook the political establishment and carmakers, and forced a rethink of battery production.

This was followed by EU funding programs worth billions and major battery plant announcements by car manufacturers and suppliers. Volkswagen alone is planning six battery plants in Europe, while Daimler will build four with partners.

Ultima Media’s Harrison predicts Volkswagen’s six planned plants would allow the Wolfsburgbased company to cover around two thirds of its own battery needs.

The problem lies with raw materials like lithium, nickel, manganese and cobalt. Market experts from Benchmark Mineral Intelligence speak of “the great raw material disconnect” — high investments in cell factories, but missing investments in raw material extraction.

Within a year, the price for lithium carbonate has more than doubled, explains Caspar Rawles, head of price and data analysis at BMI.

In the case of cobalt, where the largest deposits are located in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and are sometimes extracted under miserable working conditions, an increase in price is also expected. At the beginning of the supply chain, it takes around seven years for new mines to be developed.

A global race is underway. The automotive industry is currently experiencing painful production disruptions due to a shortage of semiconductors.

Some carmakers, including Volkswagen, are trying to secure the supply of raw materials with exclusive supply contracts.

So far, lithium has mainly come from Australia and Chile, cobalt from DR Congo, and graphite from China. The largest processors of cathode and anode material are also located there, and in Japan.

But imports can become more expensive due to tariff increases in trade disputes and interrupted by logistics problems, as a tanker accident that blocked the Suez Canal recently showed.

And long journeys are bad for those focused on making batteries with as few CO2 emissions as possible.

One answer is investments in raw material extraction in Europe — lithium in particular is available.

Startup Vulcan Energy is working on obtaining lithium CO2-neutrally from thermal water in Germany’s Upper Rhine plain and has signed up Renault as a customer.

“We would need a lot of projects like Vulcan Energy. With one in every European country, we would have a chance to build a supply chain in Europe,” says Harrison.