SKULDUGGERY

Dragon Bones tells the legends surrounding the discovery on the outskirts of Beijing— and eventually disappearance— of the Peking Man fossils. Wang Kaihao reports.

The saga of the missing skulls of Peking Man, a collection of Homo erectus fossil specimens unearthed in the Zhoukoudian area, Fangshan district of Beijing, remains a big mystery to this day.

In spite of their significance in academic studies, they disappeared during World War II, according to scholars.

Last week, the two-part Dragon Bones, a novel written in some 700,000Chinese characters was released by Beijing Yanshan Press, telling the legends surrounding the lost skulls. The Chinese refer to fossils in general as “dragon bone” and the book title is also named after a hill on which the Peking Man remains were found.

In 1921, relevant material was discovered by Swedish geologist Johan Andersson, then a mining adviser to the Chinese government.

Large-scale archaeological excavations in Zhoukoudian began six years later and the astonishing finding of skulls followed in 1929.

The specimens dating to more than 700,000 years ago were considered by German anthropologist Franz Weiden-reich as belonging to the ancestors of today’s Chinese people. Some scholars athome and abroad even speculated that the findings pointed to the direct origin of modern man.

The novel has been written by Wu Jiang, a journalist, and an official named Cui Guomin. Wu, a media veteran, based his writing on interviews with the late scholar Jia Lan po who hosted the archaeological project in Zhoukoudian in the 1930s. Cui wrote from his experience as the first director of a committee devoted to looking for the Peking Man skulls that was set up by Fangshan district authorities in 2005.

“In our continuous research, we found more than 100 possibilities of where Peking Man skulls went,” Cui says. “We often got lost in circles. But the experience also give us abundant references for the book.”

The fossils were housed in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital until 1941, when Chiang Kai-shek of the Kuomintang agreed to send them to the American Museum of Natural History in New York for temporary custody due to concerns that Japan’s possible capture of the hospital may lead to their loss.

But it was Dec 8, 1941, the day after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, when the fossils were being escorted by US soldiers on a train to Qinhuangdao port in North China’s Hebei province. All the goods on the train were taken by the Japanese army and where the fossils went isn’t known even today.

“In the recent years, veteran Japanese soldiers gave us some clues but all led to nothing,” says Cui. “Though it is a novel, we wanted to respect historical accuracy.”

He says the loss of the fossils is a “national pain”.

“Our book recalls how people cared about the Zhoukoudian site and their eagerness to bring the lost fossils home.”

The Peking Man site in Zhoukoudian was added by UNESCO to its World Heritage list in 1987, one of the earliest in China.

According to Wu, the co-author, the Chinese government had tried to get information about the lost fossils from Japan from 1946 to 48, but failed.

He also says that there is a theory that the real fossils may have been replaced by the Americans before they arrived in Qinhuangdao.

“Different theories are presented in the novel,” says Wu.

“We also wanted to offer firsthand research so that readers get the whole picture to put the scattered puzzles together.”

Other than exploring the Peking Man’s line, the novel also provides a general background of developments in Chinese archaeology since 1900.

“The book also tells the public about how the archaeology works,” Xu Guangji, a researcher from the archaeological institute of the think tank Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, says.

Some stereotypes against foreign scientists working in old China like Andersson as well as the KMT “were corrected this time”, says Xu.

“Their endeavor to protect the relics should also be remembered,” he adds.

Nevertheless, critics have issues with the book.

Li Qiao, a Beijing-based cultural critic, says: “Too many professional details can distract the reader as is the case often in it.

“How to mix fictional storytelling with historical facts still remains a task for Chinese novels of this type.”

But Dragon Bones at least explores a new field for more similar works to come, he says.

GONG WENBAO / FOR CHINA DAILY The new location for the Zhoukoudian Peking Man Relics Museum in Fangshan district, Beijing was opened to the public in May, 2014, and features 1,600 items of relics.