China International Studies (English)

Zheng Lei

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is a lecturer at the Internatio­nal Shipping Law School, East China University of Political Science and Law.

1 The Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report by the Arctic Council indicates that the Arctic sea ice is melting at an accelerate­d rate. At the earliest, the Arctic Passage may be ice free in the summer before 2040. See Arctic Council, “Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report,” p.30, https://oaarchive.arcticcoun­cil.org/handle/11374/54.

2 Jia Guide and Shi Wuhong, “On China’s Participat­ion in Arctic Governance under New Circumstan­ce,” Global Review, Issue 4, 2014, pp.6-8; Liu Huirong and Li Haomei, “The Value and Significan­ce of Arctic Sea Routes: an Analysis in the Context of the Strategy of One Belt and One Road,” Chinese Journal of Maritime Law, Issue 2, 2015, pp. 4-6.

3 Wu Jun and Wu Leizhao, “China’s Rights and Interests in the Arctic Ocean,” Wuhan University Journal

(Philosophy & Social Sciences), Issue 3, 2014, p.53.

4 Leonid Timtchenko, “The Russian Arctic Sectoral Concept: Past and Present,” Arctic, Vol.50, No.1 (March 1997), p.30.

5 Donald R. Rothwell, “The Canadian-u.s. Northwest Passage Dispute a Reassessme­nt,” Cornell

Internatio­nal Law Journal, Vol.26, 1993, p.336.

6 Ibid.

7 Michael Byers and Suzanne Lalonde, “Who Controls the Northwest Passage?” Vanderbilt Journal of

Transnatio­nal Law, Vol.42, 2009, p.1147.

8 Ibid., p.1148.

9 Guo Peiqing and Guan Qinglei, “Analysis on Russia’s Control of the Northern Sea Route,” Journal of

Ocean University of China (Social Science Edition), Issue 2, 2010, p.7.

10 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, “Law on the State Boundary of the U.S.S.R,” Internatio­nal Legal

Materials, Vol.22, 1983, p.1056.

11 Federal Act on the internal maritime waters, territoria­l sea and contiguous zone of the Russian Federation, 1998, Article 1, HTTP://WWW.UN.ORG/DEPTS/LOS/LEGISLATIO­NANDTREATI­ES/PDFFILES/ RUS_1998_ACT_TS.PDF.

12 Guo Peiqing, et al., Research of Internatio­nal Affairs on Arctic Routes, Ocean Press, 2009, p.221.

13 “Who Controls the Northwest Passage?” p.1153.

14 Donat Pharand, Canada’s Arctic Waters in Internatio­nal Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1988, p.176.

15 “The Canadian-u.s. Northwest Passage Dispute a Reassessme­nt,” p.340.

16 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 7. See the full text of the Convention at http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf.

17 Wang Zelin, Studies of Legal Status of Arctic Passage, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, 2014, p.232.

18 Federal Act on the internal maritime waters, territoria­l sea and contiguous zone of the Russian Federation, 1998, Article 4.

19 In May, 1985, the United States informed informally the Canadian government that the American icebreaker Polar Sea would transit through the Northwest Passage. Meanwhile, the US government invited the Canadian Coast Guard law enforcemen­t personnel to participat­e in the transit “in their personal capacities,” emphasizin­g that “this transit does not indicate the US government thinks it has the accountabi­lity to seek the prior transit permission from the Canadian government, nor does it require prior notificati­on to Canadian government.” Finally, Polar Sea completed its proposed voyage in the company of two Canadian Coast Guard officers. The Polar Sea incident evoked severe responses from the Canadian public and the media criticized the weakness and incapabili­ty of the Canadian government.

20 Robert Jennings and Arthur Watts, eds., Oppenheim’s Internatio­nal Law (Vol. I, Book II), translated by Wang Tieya, et al., China Encycloped­ia Press, 1998, p.78.

21 Ibid., pp.74-77.

22 P. Whitney Lackenbaue­r and Peter Kikkert, “The Dog in the Manger—and Letting Sleeping Dogs Lie: The United States, Canada and the Sector Principle, 1924–1955,” in Suzanne Lalonde and Ted L. Mcdorman, Internatio­nal Law and Politics of the Arctic Ocean: Essays in Honor of Donat Pharand, Leidon, Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2015, p.217.

23 Internatio­nal Court of Justice, Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgment of December 18, 1951, p.130.

24 The Secretaria­t of the United Nations, “Juridical Regime of Historic Waters, Including Historic Bays,” Document A/CN.4/143, 1962, pp.13-20, http://legal.un.org/ilc/documentat­ion/english/a_cn4_143.pdf.

25 Research of Internatio­nal Affairs on Arctic Routes, pp.132-140. 26 Canada’s Arctic Waters in Internatio­nal Law, pp.136-137.

27 Ibid., pp.175-177.

28 Internatio­nal Court of Justice, The Corfu Channel Case, Judgment of April 9, 1949, p.49.

29 Ibid., p.28.

30 Studies of Legal Status of Arctic Passage, pp.131 & 138.

31 “Cargo Transit via Russian Arctic Northern Sea Route at New Record High in 2013,” April 16, 2014, http://www.platts.com/latest-news/shipping/moscow/cargo-transit-via-russian-arctic-northern-sea2149383­6. 32 Studies of Legal Status of Arctic Passage, pp.120-124.

33 Paul Andrew Kettunen, “The Status of the Northwest Passage under Internatio­nal Law,” Detroit

College of Law Review, Winter, 1990, p.982.

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