Liu Feitao is Associate Research Fellow at the Department for American Studies, China Institute of International Studies (CIIS).

1 “Remarks by President Trump at APEC CEO Summit,” The White House, November 10, 2017, https:// www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-apec-ceo-summit-da-nang-vietnam.

2 “Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018,” Congress.gov, https://www. congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/2463.

3 “Us-japan-australia Announce Trilateral Partnership for Indo-pacific Infrastructure Investment,” Overseas Private Investment Corporation, July 30, 2018, https://www.opic.gov/press-releases/2018/usjapan-australia-announce-trilateral-partnership-indo-pacific-infrastructure-investment.

4 “Joint Statement of the Governments of the United States of America, Australia, and Japan,” The White House, November 17, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/joint-statementgovernments-united-states-america-australia-japan.

5 “Japan, India, U.S. Fund Indo-pacific Infrastructure,” CSIS, April 10, 2018, https://reconnectingasia. csis.org/analysis/entries/us-japan-and-india-fund-infrastructure-indo-pacific/.

6 Michael R. Pompeo, “America’s Indo-pacific Economic Vision,” US Department of State, July 30, 2018, https://www.state.gov/remarks-on-americas-indo-pacific-economic-vision.

7 “Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018.”

8 “The ‘Expanded Partnership for Quality Infrastructure’ Initiative Directed toward the G7 Ise-shima Summit Meeting Announced,” Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, https://www.meti.go.jp/ english/press/2016/0523_01.html.

9 Scott Morrison, “Australia and the Pacific: A New Chapter,” Prime Minister of Australia, November 8, 2018, https://www.pm.gov.au/media/address-australia-and-pacific-new-chapter.

10 “APEC Guidebook on Quality of Infrastructure Development and Investment,” APEC, November 2014, http://publications.apec.org/publications/2014/11/apec-guidebook-on-quality-of-infrastructureDevelopment-and-investment.

11 “U.s.-japan Joint Statement on Advancing a Free and Open Indo-pacific Through Energy, Infrastructure and Digital Connectivity Cooperation,” The White House, November 13, 2018, https://www.whitehouse. gov/briefings-statements/u-s-japan-joint-statement-advancing-free-open-indo-pacific-energy-infrastructuredigital-connectivity-cooperation.

12 “U.s.-japan Joint Statement on Advancing a Free and Open Indo-pacific Through Energy, Infrastructure and Digital Connectivity Cooperation.”

13 “The Papua New Guinea Electrification Partnership,” The White House, November 17, 2018, https:// www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/papua-new-guinea-electrification-partnership.

14 “U.S. and Nepal Sign $500 Million Compact,” The Millennium Challenge Corporation, September 14, 2017, https://www.mcc.gov/news-and-events/release/release-091417-nepal-signing-event.

15 “U.S., Mongolia Celebrate Signing of $350 Million MCC Compact to Address Impending Water Crisis,” The Millennium Challenge Corporation, September 20, 2018, https://www.mcc.gov/news-andevents/release/release-092018-us-mongolia-joint-declaration.

16 “Remarks by Vice President Pence at the 2018 APEC CEO Summit,” The White House, November 16, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-2018-apec-ceosummit-port-moresby-papua-new-guinea.

17 Addie Pazzynski, “3 Quotes from Donald Trump about Foreign Aid,” July 2016, https://borgenproject. org/quotes-from-donald-trump.

18 Adva Saldinger, “Congress again Rejects Steep Cuts to US Foreign Assistance in New Budget,” March 22,2018,https://www.devex.com/news/congress-again-rejects-steep-cuts-to-us-foreign-assistance-in-newbudget-92403.

19 “Remarks by President Trump to the 73rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly,” The White House, September 25, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-presidenttrump-73rd-session-united-nations-general-assembly-new-york-ny.

20 Anthony Fensom, “Asia to Stay World’s Fastest-growing Region Through 2030,” The Diplomat, December 4, 2017, https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/asia-to-stay-worlds-fastest-growing-regionthrough-2030.

21 “The world’s Economic Powerhouses Are Going to Look Very Different in Another Decade,” January 20,2019,https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/world-economy/the-worlds-economic-powerhousesare-going-to-look-very-different-in-another-decade/news-story/199662dd8be19f5874d9dab6668fa2b7. 22 “Asia-pacific to Comprise Two-thirds of Global Middle Class by 2030,” March 14, 2013, http://hdr. undp.org/sites/default/files/pr6-rbapregional-eastasia-2013hdr-eng.pdf.

23 Mike Pence, “The United States Seeks Collaboration, Not Control, in the Indo-pacific,” The Washington Post, November 9, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/mike-pence-the-united-states-seekscollaboration-not-control-in-the-indo-pacific/2018/11/09/1a0c330a-e45a-11e8-b759-3d88a5ce9e19_story. html.

24 “Meeting Asia’s Infrastructure Needs,” Asian Development Bank, February 2017, https://www.adb. org/publications/asia-infrastructure-needs.

25 “Remarks by National Security Advisor Ambassador John R. Bolton on the Trump Administration’s New Africa Strategy,” The White House, December 13, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefingsstatements/remarks-national-security-advisor-ambassador-john-r-bolton-trump-administrations-new-africastrategy.

26 John Pomfret, “China’s Debt Traps around the World Are a Trademark of Its Imperialist Ambitions,” The Washington Post, August 27, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/globalopinions/wp/2018/08/27/chinas-debt-traps-around-the-world-are-a-trademark-of-its-imperialistambitions.

27 Jeff Smith, “China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Strategic Implications and International Opposition,” The Heritage Foundation, August 9, 2018, https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/chinas-belt-and-road-initiativestrategic-implications-and-international-opposition.

28 Henry Jackson Society, “Belt and Road: A Chinese World Order - Implications for ‘Global Britain’,” December4,2018,https://henryjacksonsociety.org/event/belt-and-road-a-chinese-world-order-implicationsfor-global-britain.

29 “Interview with Hugh Hewitt of the Hugh Hewitt Show,” US Department of State, October 26, 2018, https://www.state.gov/interview-with-hugh-hewitt-of-the-hugh-hewitt-show.

30 “On ‘Meeting the Foreign Policy Challenges of 2017 and Beyond’,” US Department of State, December 12, 2017, https://www.state.gov/on-meeting-the-foreign-policy-challenges-of-2017-and-beyond.

31 “APEC Guidebook on Quality of Infrastructure Development and Investment,” November 2014, http:// publications.apec.org/publications/2014/11/apec-guidebook-on-quality-of-infrastructure-developmentand-investment; “APEC Guidebook on Quality of Infrastructure Development and Investment,” November 2018, http://mddb.apec.org/documents/2018/som/csom/18_csom_014app11.pdf.

32 “House Sets Vote on the BUILD Act - The Administration’s Proposal to Bolster Development Finance,”opic,september25,2018,https://www.opic.gov/press-releases/2018/house-sets-vote-build-actadministrations-proposal-bolster-development-finance.

33 Jeff Smith, “Sri Lanka: A Test Case for the Free and Open Indo–pacific Strategy,” March 14, 2019, https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/sri-lanka-test-case-the-free-and-open-indo-pacific-strategy.

34 The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States of America, December 2017, p.25, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/nss-final-12-18-2017-0905-2.pdf.

35 “BUILD Act: Frequently Asked Questions About the New U.S. International Development Finance Corporation,” Congressional Research Service, January 15, 2019, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/r45461.pdf.

36 “List of Countries Signing Belt and Road Cooperation Documents with China,” Belt and Road Portal, https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/xwzx/roll/77298.htm

37 James Curran, “Australia’s Foreign Policy Explored in Allan Gyngell’s Fear of Abandonment,” Lowy Institute, May 13, 2017, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/australia-s-foreign-policy-exploredallan-gyngell-s-fear-abandonment.

38 Mike Pence, “Remarks by Vice President Pence on the Administration’s Policy Toward China,” The Hudson Institute, October 4, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vicepresident-pence-administrations-policy-toward-china.

39 “Remarks by Vice President Pence at the 2018 APEC CEO Summit.”

40 Rex W. Tillerson, “Remarks on ‘Defining Our Relationship with India for the Next Century’,” October 18, 2017, https://www.state.gov/remarks-on-defining-our-relationship-with-india-for-the-next-century. 41 “US Concerned about Chinese Investment in Indo-pacific Region,” The Daily Star, December 2, 2018, https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/us-concerned-about-chinese-investment-indo-pacificregion-1667881

42 James Mattis, “Political and Security Situation in Afghanistan,” US Senate Committee on Armed Services, October 3, 2017, https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/17-82_10-03-17.pdf.

43 “US Backs India’s Opposition to China’s One Belt, One Road Initiative,” Hindustan Times, October 4,2017,https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-backs-india-s-opposition-to-china-s-one-belt-oneroad-initiative/story-mgoipavs3i65gtanrxzmni.html.

44 “Exclusive–marco Rubio Rips Italy for Desire to Curry Favor with Chinese,” March 8, 2019, https:// www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/03/08/exclusive-marco-rubio-rips-italy-for-desire-to-curry-favor-withchinese.

45 “Mike Pompeo Warns Panama Against Doing Business With China,” The New York Times, October 19, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/19/world/americas/mike-pompeo-panama-china.html.

46 ISEAS-YUSOF Ishak Institute, “The State of Southeast Asia: 2019 Survey Report,” January 9, 2019, https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/thestateofseasurveyreport_2019.pdf.

47 “World View: APEC Meeting Ends in Disarray After Harsh U.s.-china Disagreements,” November 19, 2018, https://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2018/11/19/world-view-apec-meeting-ends-in-disarrayafter-harsh-u-s-china-disagreements.

48 “Trump Embraces Foreign Aid to Counter China’s Global Influence,” October 14, 2018, https://yoho. house.gov/media-center/in-the-news/trump-embraces-foreign-aid-to-counter-china-s-global-influence. 49 “Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018.”

50 The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa, “Infrastructure Financing Trends in Africa – 2017,” https:// www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/annual_reports/ift2017.pdf.

51 “U.S. Trade and Investment with Sub-saharan Africa in Certain Sectors Has Grown and Continues to Have Potential,” United States International Trade Commission, May 30,2018, https://www.usitc.gov/ press_room/news_release/2018/er0530ll955.htm.

52 Brett Schaefer and James M. Roberts, “The BUILD Act’s Proposed U.S. Development Finance Corporation Would Supersize OPIC, but Not Improve It,” The Heritage Foundation, May 2, 2018, https:// www.heritage.org/international-economies/report/the-build-acts-proposed-us-development-financecorporation-would.