Beijing bets on ‘new productive forces’
Green investments, the digital economy and tech form key elements of plan
In recent communications, state leaders and the media have frequently used the phrase “new productive forces” when discussing how to revitalise and transform the economy – itself a hot topic in a period when growth has slowed and officials have been struggling to find momentum.
The expression took on greater prominence after President Xi Jinping referred to the concept as a “leading factor” for “promoting high-quality development” of the economy.
In traditional political economy, “productive forces” describes the union of necessary infrastructure with the capacity of the labour force – the essential base elements for production.
What, then, are the “new productive forces”, and what does this change of rhetoric look like in practice?
Beijing has long identified high-quality development and technological innovation as new engines in its growth strategy to help advance the world’s second-largest economy up the global value chain.
But the past year has been especially difficult for the economy, which has been heavily dependent on the manufacturing and real estate sectors.
The country has been rattled by an ailing property market, falls in private investment and an ageing population – all of which have hampered a strong recovery after three years of stringent pandemic control policies came to an end. External pressure is also a factor, with weak global demand and trade curbs from the United States weighing down prospects.
“The new productive forces [will] lead innovation and break the development model from traditional economic drivers,” Xi said on January 31 while chairing a study session of the 24-member Politburo, according to an official readout issued after the session.
Xi said “original and disruptive” home-grown innovation would incubate “new industries, new models and new drivers” to help the country achieve scientific and tech self-reliance to “fight the battle in core technologies”.
“[New productive forces] will guide the building of a modernised industrial model,” Xi said, adding that innovation must be “practically and substantially applied” to industrial and value chains.
Green investments, the digital economy, science and technology have all been named as potential catalysts for growth and are associated with the concept.
The phrase was first uttered by Xi during his visit to Heilongjiang province in the northeast last September, when he listed “new energy, new material and hi-tech manufacturing” as industries that should become new productive forces.
Later, at the tone-setting central economic work conference in December, it was ranked first in a set of nine economic tasks, and Xi asked cadres to pay close attention in developing new productive forces.
Following Xi’s visit, Heilongjiang has published a game plan to “speed up the forming of new productive forces”, and the province has identified 24 industries – many linked with hi-tech manufacturing- to receive more support, according to a report from China Central Television, the state broadcaster, last month.
However, the output of the hi-tech manufacturing sector grew by only 2.7 per cent last year, the lowest level since the National Bureau of Statistics began releasing data in 2018.
While investment in hi-tech manufacturing grew by 9.9 per cent last year – beating the 6.5 per cent increase in all manufacturing – this was the slowest pace of growth since 2015, when those records were first published.
During Premier Li Qiang’s January visit to Shaanxi, a heavily industrialised province in the northwest, he pointed to other challenges while calling for new productive forces to bolster the economy.
Li said manufacturers should be willing to splurge on research and development (R&D) to be competitive among the first tier in the global market while touring companies that produce niobium-titanium ingot rods, semiconductors and car parts.
Beijing has stressed the development of home-grown technologies as its relations with the United States have soured, and China has become the second-largest spender on R&D – though despite heavy investment, it still lags behind the US.
However, Huang Qifan, a former mayor of Chongqing known for his economic insights, said China’s biggest choke point in modernising its economy lay in limitations in developing productive services – an umbrella term describing sectors and technologies primarily designed to enhance traditional manufacturing, such as cloud computing or financial and legal advice.
“If you have a large manufacturing sector but the proportion of productive services is low, you can only produce middle to low-value manufacturing products,” he said.
“We are able to manufacture the latest equipment for the 5G network, but we cannot make use of it. This is like building a port but having no one to run it, fixing a road but having no cars,” Huang said in a speech on new productive forces in Guangzhou last December.
Jon Taylor, chair of the political science department for the University of Texas at San Antonio, has been following the evolution of the phrase closely. He said its use highlighted the next stage of “commercialisation of technology and science in the name of economic growth” as China continued to pursue self-reliance in core technology.
“Xi is no longer willing to tolerate an underperforming economy, hence his emphasis on the expanding technological innovation capacity,” Taylor said.
“Xi has stated that the party will need to develop new theories centring on ‘new productive forces’, signalling that the party needs to rethink some key aspects on how it runs China’s economy – including state ownership and resource allocation,” he said, adding that he expected to see more on the concept soon.
Xi Jinping is no longer willing to tolerate an underperforming economy JON TAYLOR, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS