Great Barrier Reef has lost half of its corals since 1995

Canberra: Australia’s Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals since 1995 due to warmer seas driven by climate change, a study has found.

Scientists found all types of corals had suffered a decline across the world’s largest reef system.

The steepest falls came after mass bleaching events in 2016 and 2017. More mass bleaching occurred this year.

“There is no time to lose - we must sharply decrease greenhouse gas emissions ASAP,” the researchers said. The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, was conducted by marine scientists at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies in Queensland.

Scientists assessed the health and size of coral colonies across the reef from 1995 to 2017. They found populations had dropped by more than 50 per cent in all coral sizes and species, but especially in branching and table-shaped corals.

These are the large, structural species which usually provide habitats for fish and other marine life. Prof Terry Hughes, a study co-author, said these coral types had been “worst affected” by the back-to-back mass bleachings which damaged two-thirds of the reef.

Bleaching occurs when corals under stress drive out the algae - known as zooxanthellae - that give them colour. Corals can recover if normal conditions return, but it can take decades. A study in 2019 found that damaged coral colonies had struggled to regenerate because most of the adult corals had died.

“A vibrant coral population has millions of small, baby corals, as well as many large ones,” said lead author Dr Andy Dietzel.

A sergeant major reef fish swims above staghorn coral. Scientists say the only way to fix the problem facing the Great Barrier Reef is to reduce emissions.