ZEAL OF THE CONVERT
En Grande-Bretagne, statistiquement, les musulmans convertis sont bien plus susceptibles de se radicaliser, puis de s’engager dans la lutte armée, que les autres. Même si ce constat est sans appel, on ignore encore les raisons pour lesquelles ce phénomène existe. Quelques pistes sérieuses sont pourtant à étudier…
Decades before he murdered four people outside the Houses of Parliament, Khalid Masood was a schoolboy from well-to-do Tunbridge Wells named Adrian Russell Ajao. Investigators may never learn the true motives for his attack. But one of the few facts known for certain is that Masood’s case fits into a broad but poorly understood trend: 1. decade décennie / to murder assassiner, tuer / well-to-do riche, aisé / investigator enquêteur / motive motivation / case affaire, cas / to fit into s'intégrer à, s'inscrire/entrer (catégorie) dans / broad répandu / poorly ici, peu / trend tendance, courant / Muslim converts in the West are much likelier than their native-born co-religionists to engage in terrorism, or travel abroad to fight for jihadist organisations like Islamic State (IS).
2.In Britain, converts make up less than 4% of Muslims but 12% of home-grown jihadists. About a fifth of American Muslims were raised in another religion, yet two-fifths of those arrested on suspicion of being IS recruits in 2015 were converts (see chart). In France, Germany and the Netherlands, converts are around four times as likely as lifelong Muslims to go to fight in Syria and Iraq.
WHY?
3. Terrorism experts have many theories, none of them conclusive. Surveys by John Horgan of Georgia State University show that converts seem more willing than native Muslims to radicalise. Some argue that this is because of their “double marginalisation”, by both bewildered non-Muslim friends and sceptical native Muslims, leaving them vulnerable to the overtures of radicals. According to defectors from IS, recruiters particularly prize new converts because they are harder for intelligence services to trace.
4.Others note that many conversions to Islam in the West occur in prison. Peter Neumann of King’s College London provocatively contends that jihad “has become a counter-culture—the most bad-ass way of going against society.”
5.The sheer diversity of cases frustrates efforts to understand why converts radicalise. Masood, the Westminster attacker, spent time in prison, but was an uncharacteristically old 52. Nicholas Young, a Washington, DC, transit-police officer who was arrested last year for supporting IS, was also a Nazi sympathiser. Others arrested in America for IS-relat-
ed activities range from a 15-year-old boy to a 47-year-old ex-soldier. Douglas McCain, an American convert killed while fighting in the countryside of Aleppo province, was once an aspiring rapper.
PREVENTION
6. Most counter-terrorism policy pays little notice to converts and focuses on preventing extremism among immigrants—such as Donald Trump’s travel ban—or within established Muslim communities, like parts of Britain’s “Prevent” strategy. That may be shortsighted, and even counterproductive, argues Mr Neumann. Links to mainstream Islamic institutions could dissuade converts from falling into radicalism—and prevent its deadly consequences.
CAUTION
7. What is indisputable is that the majority of new Muslims are not drawn towards extremism. Conversion and radicalisation are not one and the same, and one does not lead inexorably to the other. The former is a process of adopting a new religious identity; the latter, of being drawn into extremist beliefs and behaviours. Conversion for many marks a reported life change leading to feelings of empowerment, enhanced self confidence and self discipline, a sense of well-being and belonging, and in some cases desisting from self abuse, addiction and crime.