Deutsche Welle (English edition)
Men get HPV cancers too, and cases are rising
Much is said about human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer in women but less is heard about it in men. The vaccine is gender-neutral, but cases in men are rising.
In 2014, Jason Mendelsohn was preparing for the worst. He recorded videos for his children, said goodbye and reminded them about what was important in life.
Mendelsohn was 44 at the time. He had been diagnosed with stage 4 tonsil cancer, caused by a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection — possibly decades earlier.
One day, Mendelsohn just found a lump on his neck. He had had no previous symptoms.
Doctors removed his tonsils and 42 lymph nodes. Then he had seven weeks of chemotherapy, radiation and being fed through a tube.
"I'd never heard of tongue, throat and tonsil cancer, nor had I known anyone to ever be diagnosed with it," Mendelsohn told DW.
His doctors said he most likely contracted HPV while performing oral sex. They said the HPV infection could have been as far back as 20 years earlier when Mendelsohn was at university.
It can take years for cancers caused by HPV to develop.
"I never thought — I don't think anyone I know ever thought — that oral sex was going to one day give them cancer," said Mendelsohn.
More than cervical cancer
HPV is most often associated with cervical cancer. It's the fourth most common cancer among women. The World Health Organization says cervical cancer caused 311,000 deaths in 2018 and 90% of them were in low- and middle-income countries.
HPV can lead to cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, the head and neck (a region known as the oropharynx), back of the throat and base of the tongue and tonsils and can affect men.
While those cancers can affect
all genders, oropharyngeal and anal cancer are on the rise among men.
Data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests that about 70% of oropharyngeal cancers in America are connected to HPV.
About 3,500 new cases of HPV-related head and neck cancers are diagnosed in women and about 16,200 are diagnosed in men each year in the United States. That's over four times as many cases in men.
HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact and sexual activity, including vaginal, anal and oral sex. About 80% of sexually active adults have had an HPV infection at some point in their lives, but the CDC says most people are unaware of it.
Many HPV strains are not even harmful to humans and 90% of the time the body simply clears the infection within two years.
But if that doesn't happen — and HPV stays in the body — it can cause infected cells to become cancerous.
Few aware that HPV affects men
A UK study from 2018 found that 64% of parents who had daughters and sons had heard about HPV. But among parents who only had boys, 36% had heard of HPV.
Overall, 55% of the parents had heard of HPV. Of those, most knew it caused cervical cancer in women, but fewer than half knew that HPV caused throat and anal cancer, and only a third knew it caused cancer of the penis. Very few respondents named oral or anal sex as ways of contracting HPV.
But once they had found out more about HPV, almost all participants in the study said their sons should get the vaccine.
A cancer with a vaccine?
Strictly speaking, there are no vaccines that prevent cancer. But there are vaccines that prevent viruses that can lead to cancer, such as HPV.
There are three HPV vaccines, and all three protect against HPV
strains 16 and 18.
Those two strains cause most HPV-related cancers.
But the vaccines aren't limited to those two strains. And also they protect against HPV infections that cause genital warts.
You can't screen for HPV-related cancers, other than cervical cancer. So, the only way to be protected is through vaccination.
"If you're protected against [HPV], you're not going to have HPV to transmit to somebody else, so you become a solution to the public health problem," says Dianne Harper, a professor in the Departments of Family Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Michigan.
But many men — or parents of boys — don't even know it's an issue. And that may have something to do with the quality of data about HPV infections.
Types of HPV cancers in men
It's hard to be precise about the types of HPV-related cancers in men, or age groups and where in the world they occur most — useful information that may help you decide whether to ask a doctor or get vaccinated.
For instance, head and neck cancers caused by HPV appear to be more common among men in high-income countries. But that may be due to a lack of good data elsewhere.
"I think we undercount the true number [of cases] in lowand middle-income countries," says Anna Giuliano, the founding director of the Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer at the Moffitt Cancer Center in the US.
Then there's the question of types of cancer and who is at risk. There is some data to suggest that HPV-related cancer in men is linked to their type of sexual activity.
"Among heterosexual men, it is [mostly] oropharyngeal cancer, followed by anal and then penile cancer. And for men who have sex with men, overwhelmingly it's anal cancer, followed by oropharyngeal cancer and then penile cancer," says Giuliano.
People living with HIV are particularly at risk.
It is also possible for a person with HPV to move the virus to other parts of their body, for example, if someone touches their mouth and then their penis.
From patient to advocate
Mendelsohn, who survived his HPV-related cancer, wants more people to get vaccinated. He's started a website called
Superman HPV, where he provides support for cancer patients and advocates for children to be vaccinated.
"Because it's preventable with a vaccine," says Mendelsohn, "how in the world can people not learn more and give it to their kids?"
You get the best possible protection if you're vaccinated before you become sexually active and/or exposed to HPV.
HPV vaccination programs start from around the age of 11 years in schools, where the jabs are often free of charge.
Some countries, such as the US, recommend vaccination for adults up to the age of 45 years. Other countries recommend consulting a doctor to discuss the options.
It can be expensive if you have to pay for the vaccine yourself. In Germany, for instance, HPV vaccines cost about €500 ($590) for people aged 26 years and over.
But it may be worth it: The vaccines can provide protection even after an infection.
is 93.3% identical to SARSCoV-2. That means there are two unproven scenarios: SARS-CoV-2 could have been either artificially created as a type of bioweapon and/or released by accident.
The WHO experts sent to China consider both scenarios "extremely unlikely." However, they were not really able to gather convincing evidence to dismiss the theories outright either. During their very limited investigation in early 2021, about a year after the start of the pandemic, they could not conduct their own inspections or evidence gathering; China did not allow that.
Instead, they had to rely on publicly available data and information from their Chinese interlocutors. After the trip, even WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus demanded to at least further examine the hypothesis of a laboratory accident in Wuhan.
What is the evidence for a biological weapon?
Most experts consider the artificial generation of SARSCoV-2 in a research lab in Wuhan to be highly unlikely. A team led by Swedish microbiology professor Kristian Andersen of the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, studied primarily the prominent spike proteins on the virus surface, where the virus docks to a host cell in the lungs or throat to invade it.
Genome sequencing revealed two significant differences between SARS-CoV-2 and its corona relatives. The protein is structured differently and the amino acids are composed differently. While this may make it easier for the SARS-CoV-2 virus to infect human cells, the virus structure is not sophisticated enough for a "biological weapon," according to the La Jolla team.
Drosten, the virologist from Berlin, also considers it "extremely unlikely" that the virus originated in a laboratory. "If someone had developed SARSCoV-2 like this, I would say they did it in a pretty untargeted way."
With the first SARS virus as a basis, Drosten said, researchers would have been more likely to change only very specific characteristics for research purposes.
SARS-CoV-2, however, is full of deviations from the first virus, he explained, indicating that those likely developed as part of a natural process.
What speaks for a laboratory accident?
The theory that the Chinese researchers experimented with the dangerous coronaviruses such as RaTG13 or RmYN02 and that SARS-CoV-2 was released by accident remains. Chinese leadership categorically rules this out.
The WHO experts sent to China also classify such an accident as "extremely unlikely," on the basis of the data available to them. Among other things, the evolution of the virus speaks against this. In addition, the Wuhan Institute of
Virology uses appropriate highsecurity laboratories. And there are no indications of laboratory accidents or suspicious illnesses among employees in the data shared with the WHO investigators.
But the data don't seem to tell the whole truth, according to the US. intelligence report cited by the Wall Street Journal. There was no mention of the three employees of the institute who in November 2019 reportedly fell so severely ill with COVID-like symptoms that they had to be treated in a clinic. Then again, China claims that never happened.