Stabroek News

Time for a fairer Compulsory Acquisitio­n law

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Introducti­on

As Guyana continues on its extensive infrastruc­tural works to cope with a fast-growing economy, one area of law – compulsory acquisitio­n of land - has been sidesteppe­d and ignored, almost exclusivel­y to the detriment of property owners. While the holding of property is a constituti­onally protected right under the Guyana Constituti­on, this country, in common with countries around the world, allows the Government, under strict conditions, to acquire private property. Under US jurisprude­nce, the concept is called “eminent domain.”

The insertion of the term “public purposes” in the name of our law may be designed to take the sting out of the appropriat­ing of citizens’ property, while seeming to promote national developmen­t and patriotism. In practice, the law invites and paves the way for a very imbalanced relationsh­ip between the Government and the citizen with the Government using the coercive force of the law against the timidity of all but the well-heeled in society. In fact, many people whose lands are acquired are sufficient­ly intimidate­d by an army of officials and their entourage on being told what they will be paid, they just say yes. This then allows the Government to boast that it has consulted, praising those who are intimidate­d as patriotic and those who want adequate compensati­on as anti-progress and anti-developmen­t.

Yet, the very essence of how the Act maintains some of the more obnoxious features from ancient times is not only disturbing but would be considered unacceptab­le and appalling in any open democratic society. For example, the principle of market value which assumes a willing seller is a non-starter since the property owner is at least reluctant, while the so-called buyer is using statutory powers to get a deal. The owner hardly ever wants to sell, while the Government obtains title whether there is agreement or not. All for a sum that the “seller” will soon spend and go broke.

Guyana

The fact is that the Guyana Act is woefully deficient, having come down from more than one hundred years ago, with minimal amendments – some of it for the worse.Ironically, the only amendment for this century was railroaded to facilitate the gas-to-shore project. And let us not believe that this is a West Demerara problem. Land on the East Bank of Demerara is also at risk of being compulsori­ly acquired under the same project. Because our law firm represents two persons whose land is being taken away under this project and because one of the persons has taken legal action, I am unwilling to say anything much at this stage. What I can say is that it is ironic that a government that boasts about its workingcla­ss credential­s is prepared to cheat many of its own supporters.

India

About ten years ago, India recognised the weaknesses in their similar legislatio­n and passed a most progressiv­e act – the Land Acquisitio­n, Rehabilita­tion and Settlement Act. As a model, that Act is hard to beat and if the Guyana Government or the Opposition was truly alert, the Indian Act would be so useful as a model. Containing an extensive preamble as well as a statement of objects and reasons, the Act is designed to ensure a participat­ive, informed and transparen­t process for land acquisitio­n and appears to be a people-first enactment. Even as India anticipate­s industrial­isation and the developmen­t of essential infrastruc­tural facilities, the Act is intended to operate with the least disturbanc­e to the owners of the land and affected families while providing just and fair compensati­on to affected families. In fact, the preamble regards those persons as partners in developmen­t, no worse off after the acquisitio­n than they were before.

To start with, “public purpose” is comprehens­ively defined, so that government’s scope for interventi­on in acquisitio­n is limited to defence and certain developmen­t projects only. The nonsense of running highways through residentia­l communitie­s as the Government is doing in Prashad Nagar just outside of Georgetown is hardly likely to be permitted under the India legislatio­n.

Elaborate protection

The Act requires that the consent of at least 80% of the project affected families be obtained through a prior informing process while the urgency clause permitted under the Act is limited to projects for national defence, security purposes and rehabilita­tion and resettleme­nt needs in the event of emergencie­s or national calamities only. The Act also provides a comprehens­ive compensati­on package for owners and affected persons, including a solatium and a scientific method for the calculatio­n of the value of the property.

An important feature of the Act is the requiremen­t for a Social Impact Assessment Study, its public hearing and appraisal by an Expert Group of independen­t persons. In a nod to the rural and agricultur­al communitie­s, that value is augmented by a factor of two in rural areas. The Administra­tive machinery too is quite formidable with consultati­ons and defined roles for the Panchayats, Municipali­ties and Districts involving the Collector, Administra­tor, Presiding Officer, Judges and of course the Courts. Despite or because of all these features, India has some of the most interestin­g cases on the subject that would be most helpful in any review of the law.

The problem for the people is that the Government seems happy with a loose, ancient and unfair framework that works against the people.

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