After dinosaurs, it was the frogs that flourished

WASHINGTON — Most of the frogs alive today may owe a “big thank you” to the mass extinctionthatwipedoutdinosaurs 66 million years ago. A new study by biologists from China and the United States showed that 88 percent of today’s frog species have descendedfromjustthreelineages that survived the calamity, likely caused by an asteroid or comet striking the Earth.

“Frogs have been around for well over 200 million years, but this study shows it wasn’t until the extinction of the dinosaurs that we had this burst of frog diversity that resulted in the vast majority of frogs we seetoday,”saidstudyco-author David Blackburn, associate curator of amphibians and reptiles at the Florida Museum of Natural History on the University of Florida campus.

This finding, published on Monday in journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, “was totally unexpected”, Blackburn said.

The swift rise of frogs after the massive die-off was likely because so many environmental niches were available after the animals occupying them disappeared.

“We think there were massive alterations of ecosystems at that time, including widespread destruction of forests,” Blackburn said. “But frogs are pretty good at eking out a living in microhabitats, and as forests and tropical ecosystems rebounded, they quickly took advantage of those new ecological opportunities.”

Today, there are more than 6,700 known frog species, representing 55 families and living in a wide range of habitats from trees to aquatic environments to underground.

Family tree

For this study, Blackburn joined researchers from Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangdong, the University of Texas at AustinandtheUniversityofCalifornia, Berkeley, to tackle the mystery of frog evolution with a data set seven times larger than thatusedinpriorresearch.

The team sampled a core set of 95 nuclear genes from 156 frog species, combining this with previously published genetic data on an additional 145 species to build the most complete frog family tree yet.

When the analyses pointed to a simultaneous evolution of the three major frog clades — Hyloidea, Microhylidae and Natatanura — the researchers initially eyed the finding with skepticism, said Peng Zhang, a corresponding study author and professor in the department of biochemistry and molecular biology at Sun YatSen University.

“Nobody had seen this result before,” he said. “We redid the analysis using differentparametersettings,butthe result remained the same. I realized the signal was very strong in our data. What I saw could not be a false thing.”

While the extinction event opened new opportunities for frogs, notably leading to the evolution of tree frogs worldwide, it snuffed out many frog lineages, particularly in North America, the team said.

The study also indicated that global frog distribution tracks the breakup of the supercontinents, beginning with Pangea about 200 million years ago and then, Gondwana, which split into South America and Africa.

The data suggested frogs likely used Antarctica, not yet encased in ice sheets, as a steppingstone from South America to Australia.