TAKING SIDES
Kashmiri Pandits are a marginal figure in Kashmir’s politics. But once it was not so. Prem Nath Bazaz, a Pandit, was a frontranking leader and a symbol of its nationalist-secular tradition. HT revisits his legacy on his 112th birth anniversary
Like many Kashmiri Pandits, Sanjay Tickoo, a Srinagar businessman, is imprisoned by the history of his state and his own paranoia of being a member of a minority community with a dominant past. Yet, in the mass exodus of the ’90s in which 34 Pandit families of his locality left Kashmir, his didn’t. “I still believe that by instinct, the Kashmiri Muslim is a secular person,” he says. That he can say this is not simply magnanimity. Behind this outlook of his lies an almost forgotten history of a robust secular tradition. And over this tradition looms large the shadow of a man who symbolised it; almost perfectly one could say. That man was Prem Nath Bazaz, a committed progressive Kashmri Pandit.
The story of Bazaz’s life is intimately entwined with the modern history of that secular tradition – at times referred to, a tad offhandedly, as ‘Kashmiriyat’ – and its vicissitudes. So, to tell his story is to also recall the history of that tradition, and its forgetting.
Kashmiri Pandits have a past that is as invisible as it is visible. An influential minority, in the Dogra Hindu kingdom (they occupied all the top jobs as administration and revenue officials), some of them were social reformers attacking orthodoxies in religion.They took active part in the politics of the day. Bazaz, a government official and a writer, was the man who took the initiative to bring the Yuvak Sabha, a predominantly Kashmiri Pandit oufit in the ’30s, to have a working relationship with the Muslim Conference, Kashmir’s first political party, after the 1931 anti-Dogra uprising in which Muslims protesting age-old social inequalities were massacred (22 men died in the uprising.) Bazaz was the comrade of Sheikh Abdullah, Kashmir’s first mass leader, and was a champion of Kashmiris’ right to self-determination, a stand unthinkable for Kashmiri Pandits today, and for most of mainland India.
Clearly, this ‘Kashmiryat’ was much about politics as it was about culture. Its ground was laid through the ’30s and ’40s when the first cracks in the Dogra kingdom were emerging as a result of the mobilisation of Kashmiri Muslims led by Sheikh Abdullah. Pragmatic Kashmiri Pandits like Bazaz (along with other Pandits such as Kashyap Bandhu, Shamlal Saraf, Jia Lal Kilam) realised the end of Dogra rule was near and set about building a common platform with Abdullah and his movement, the Muslim Conference (the predecessor of the National Conference or the NC). By working with them, people like Bazaz also came to terms with their own history of past privileges and understood the urgency of Muslims’ need to ease out the monarchy.
Kashmiri Pandits and Kashmiri Muslims share no collective socio-political project now. Its potential was finished off by the Pandit exodus of the ’90s when, according to Kashmiri Muslims themselves, the “best of them left”. Pandits like Tickoo, not surprisingly, remember Bazaz only as the man who turned his back on his own community. Before a fact-finding commission set up after the anti-Dogra uprising in the ’30s, Bazaz had upheld the reality of Muslim grievances even when that would diminish the case and privileges of his own community. After Partition in 1947, he went on to back plebiscite and independence”.
CONTROVERSY’S CHILD
For Kashmiri Muslims too, Bazaz’s positions then and now, are filtered by his eventual parting of ways with the NC and his differences with Abdullah. They say he also influenced the changing of the name of Kashmir’s first mass party – from the Muslim Conference to the National Conference, a momentous event in Kashmir’s history. This change of denomination, Kashmiris say, had a fallout for which Bazaz cannot escape blame.
Mehmood ur Rashid, columnist, Greater Kashmir, says the emergence of the Muslim Conference was part of a larger political awakening of Muslims in the subcontinent. “By dropping the word ‘Muslim’, the DNA of the movement was changed ’40s onwards. It’s as if the documents of the property were changed and these secular/Islamic binaries have remained at the core of Kashmir’s politics as a whole,” he says. “It gives people the chance to raise the fiction of the rise in Kashmir now of Salafi Islam over Sufi Islam as if the former is bad Islam and the latter, good. But the reality is that Sufis too had always questioned power. They were great displomats they just did it skillfully. There is more in common with both Islams than what is generally known.”
Bazaz, Rashid suggests, should have known better than to influence Abdullah to impose a secular grid on a national liberation struggle at a time when it could have mobilised itself on the strength of the majority religion. Without Bazaz, would Abdullah have adopted a different path?
Mohammad Yousuf Taing, biographer of Abdullah, who also knew Bazaz well, says one shouldn’t second-guess men of history. “You don’t know what is in people’s hearts. In history, you go by records,” says he, while steering the conversation to that part of the story where Bazaz was beaten up by fellow Pandits after he deposed in the fact-finding commission set up after the 1931 uprising to address public grievances.
“Bazaz said the Muslim grievances were correct. Some Pandits urinated in his mouth! He had to leave his home and move into a Muslim neighbourhood in Srinagar, at Amirakadal,” he adds.
This displacement gave Bazaz a unique identity, bringing him into the vortex of the state’s politics. It gave him a new audience. And he came to be seen as a man of interest in the eyes of both Kashmir’s and India’s nationalists around the time of the buildup to India’s independence.
Old-timers of the National Conference, however, slip in that “Bazaz was writing letters to Nehru and Gandhi.” The suggestion is that he was a Congress informant, a perception that contradicted his public statements of conducting Kashmir’s political assertion “independent” of India’s freedom struggle led by the Congress.
The diaries maintained by his son, Bhushan in Delhi, show how differently Bazaz saw this. Sometimes, he also refers to himself in the third person! He was clearly self-conscious of his role and saw himself straddling both worlds – he was the man who had vouched for the “secular credentials” of Abdullah to Nehru.
“Nehru also offered father one of the two general secretaryships of the States People’s Conference that the former headed. He declined saying he had work in Kashmir,” says Bhushan.
THE ‘IDEA’ OF BAZAZ
Like all years, this year too, Kashmir commemorated the 86th anniversary of Martyrs Day, on July 13, the date of the massacre of Kashmiris in the anti-Dogra uprising of 1932. Coincidentally, Bazaz’s 112th birthday also falls on the same date. Bazaz’s invisibility in official or popular memory is tied to an existential question that is relevant in Kashmir even today. It can be asked by one Muslim to another should they differ on the mode of the struggle, or simply while making sense of the conflict. It can be posed by a Pandit to a fellow Pandit not living in the Valley or by a Muslim to a Pandit, or vice-versa. And that question is simply this – If you are one of us, why are you with them? Or, since you are one of them, can you really be one of us?
Ideas of a catholic politics – one that is open to all, and open for negotiation – like Bazaz’s, are suspect at all times. People like him are always out of place.
Tickoo fleshes out what he understands by ‘us’ and ‘them.’: “It is not the Jamaat or Hurriyat that branded us Hindus/Indians in the Kashmiri Muslims’ eyes. It was the RSS. And its activities in the Valley. Television too.”
Dr Sameer Kaul, a Pandit who is with the NC, says even in the time of Bazaz and Abdullah, Pandits “didn’t have the numbers but we had say….That has been lost over the years as Pandits responding to changes in the Valley clung to religion and allowed the tragedy of the exodus to shape their lives.”
ON THE MOVE
Bazaz wasn’t a man to be put off by roadblocks, personal or political. He joined organisations, left them, and put up others. A follower of the Communist-turnedRadical Humanist MN Roy after he left the NC in the ’40s, he built his politics and a milieu of like-minded people around his journals. Most got him into trouble. (Bazaz’s daily, Vitasta, started in 1932, was, in fact, Kashmir’s first newspaper.) Abdullah was unhappy with him for giving space to his opponents like Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah (the great-grand uncle of the present Mirwaiz, Umar Farooq) in Hamdard, the paper they jointly edited in the ’30s. When Abdullah was jailed by the Congress government in the ’50s, Bazaz, despite his fallout with the NC leader, published a booklet in his defence, Sheikh Abdullah-what is his crime?
Flowing against the current –– Bazaz simply didn’t know what that meant. In the ’60s, he was shooting off letters to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru saying the “Accession of Kashmir to India was not complete”. His differences with Abdullah and his exile in Delhi, however, changed Bazaz. He was “now willing,” he wrote to Nehru, to work with Kashmiri Muslims to wean them to a position for Autonomy. But he kept raising the issue on Kashmir’s right to self-determination from time to time. On this point he would not budge. The flip-flops of most Kashmiri leaders – Bazaz, Sheikh and the Mirwaiz included – is the story of a common Kashmiri under pressure to define his politics within and outside Kashmir, says academic Abir Bazaz of Ashoka University, Haryana. “The pressure of politics force a leader’s hand…. One wrong move and the movement suffers for years…or you can be made completely irrelevant. It can turn giants into dwarfs.”
Prem Nath Bazaz till the last remained a student of history. Bazaz read the political awakening of Kashmiri Muslims as part of the community’s assertion in the subcontinent. He saw this assertion as a matter of right and their affiliation with Pakistan, and even their consideration of Pakistan as a post-colonial possibility, as natural. A Kashmiri, who considered his regional identity to be on a par with his religious identity, Bazaz’s conception of a single society, says Rashid was one in which the Kashmiri Pandit should not feel like an alien and the Kashmiri Muslim should not be a hegemon.
DUAL IDENTITIES
It was from such a standpoint that Pakistanor a Muslim-dominated discourse did not seem an incompatible option to Bazaz, says Hurriyat Conference leader Mirwaiz Umer Farooq, who retains strong family ties with the Bazaz family even now. ‘PostPlebiscite’, should Kashmir choose Pakistan, Bazaz never made clear if he would join it, but he stood for the right of Kashmiris to exercise that choice.
“His views were that if Kashmir was to remain with India it should be out of choice not compulsion and that the democratic institutions should be allowed to run,” says the Mirwaiz. Bazaz and Sheikh’s story shows that it was not inevitable that a Kashmiri Pandit would take an unambiguous pro-India position while a Kashmiri Muslim would take a pro-Pakistani one.
His achievement is that he represented the possibility of thinking a new politics across positions, points out Abir Bazaz. The question is: does Kashmir, in its most fraught period, need him now?