THE 12 PRINCIPLES OF PERMACULTURE

Observe and

interact: Recognise local conditions, learn about rainfall patterns, visit other local gardens. Catch and store energy: Figure out ways to conserve resources, particularly water; this includes rainwater harvesting, recycling grey water etc.

Obtain a yield: Design a system that promotes self-reliance. Yield also covers the exchange of skills and information from one gardener to another. Apply self-regulation and accept feedback: Replant unproductive areas, improve soil for future generations, plant perennials. Use and value renewable resources and services: Grow trees for shade, to build homes and as fuel. Produce no waste: Be frugal, reuse and use less. Design from patterns to details: Mimic patterns in nature for inspiration. Plants and animals must be integrated in the design system to mutually benefit.

Integrate rather

than segregate: Place plants together in ways that help cooperate rather than compete.

Small and slow

solutions: Understand that are no quick fixes or immediate returns. Yields will be slow, but every step must be practical and energy sufficient.

Use and value

diversity: Feature new varieties along with old favourites to create balance. Use edges and value the marginal: Make the most of available space, through unusually shaped flower beds, vines as boundary walls etc. Creatively respond to change: Adapt to the shifting climate patterns, pest populations, and other external forces. All solutions must be sustainable.