HICKY AGAINST THE REST
A book on India’s first newspaper fuses the biography of its editor with that of his time
Newspapers run on two fundamentals. The first is regularity. The second is the averaging out of conventionally-held opinions and its opposite – dissent. Newspapers also shape public opinion. Through them, the government tests its policies and citizens speak up, for or against them. Few have, however, created a public, given it the reporter’s pen and space so that they can directly call out the government, and question its legitimacy for the job.
This is what James Augustus Hicky, an Irishman who jumped ship to make his fortune in 18th-century Calcutta, did. Launched in 1780, his Hicky’s Bengal Gazette was the beginning of India’s press. For his paper, the Indian sepoy and the poor European soldier sent news of their work conditions, the unfairness of the promotion systems and quite often, gossip. A lot of space was also devoted in Hicky’s paper to city news, women’s issues and anti-war reporting. Hicky also trained printers who would go on to make Calcutta one of the centres of the bookselling trade. Hicky’s gazette inspired others to start their own papers. Ram Mohun Roy was one of the writers of the second Bengali newspaper, the Bengal Gazette, the name an obvious tribute to Hicky’s.
Andrew Otis has marshaled all these aspects into a fine book. Despite the lack of material, the American researcher and Fulbright scholar has given us a portrait of a crucial time in Britain’s India history. The book also provides the context of Hicky’s unusual turns -- from an Irish sub altern quite ready to be the ‘Company man’, to becoming a voice of reform, and finally, the East India Company’s leading pain in the neck. By outlining the “corruption” and “forgery” at the heart of the British takeover of India, Hicky’s was the first salvo against the Company, and the Empire. The British Crown replaced the Company but its goal was the same -profit, plunder and political subjugation. Hicky’s correspondents focused on all aspects of economic corruption that passed through the Company’s offices –administrative, judicial, military – and laid bare its hypocrisies:
“… a native of the Country, who knew nothing of English laws, is hanged for a crime which we had triumphed in committing. [Robert] Clive is made a Peer in England though he committed in Bengal the same crime, for which we hanged Nundocomar.” [Nandakumar was a collector of taxes of the Company. He brought charges of embezzlement against Hastings; he was hung in Hastings’ second term as governor-general of Bengal.]
These revelations in the Gazette were the beginning of the Company’s delegitimisation. Hicky primarily targeted Hastings but also other men at the top, including the Chief Justice. The thrust of Hicky’s struggle was for the poor and the subaltern European; that he should enjoy the same benefits in Bengal as he did in Britain. Indians were to him “noble savages” but, as this book shows, he included their concerns in his fight.
What gives this book substance is Otis’ ability to fuse the biography of a man with the biography of his time, and to not look away from complexities. His portrait of Hicky is compassionate and affirming. Otis shows the constant risks that the Irishman took to be non-partisan and support what he considered right. This was an editor-proprietor who was willing to correct the picture, even if that display of objectivity went against his own interests.
“When Hyder Ali’s army captured Arcot,” writes Otis, “it was thought they had massacred anyone they found. Hicky reported a much different reality… that Hyder had actually escorted the captured Company troops to friendly territory, let them write letters home… Where Hicky once saw a rapacious warlord, he now saw a complex leader…”
Many of Hicky’s reports were sourced from rumour. But as one of the first symbols of free speech, a condition that reportrs the world over know exists with cavets, James Augustus Hicky is a hero. Otis’ ook does a great job of establishing Hicky’s heroism. But the absence of local ompetitors and of Indian characters with ny real agency in the book is puzzling. ould it really have been a case of James icky against the rest?