Perfection in percussion

complex harmonics that provide a scaffold for the melody to be built upon. UKS and colleagues set out to do exactly that.

The book begins with a conversation with UKS where he introduces his philosophy of accompaniment. He sees the mridangam as something that plays an approximation of the music itself, in addition to laying down the rhythm. It is in this context that UKS identifies his quest for perfection in nadham, a term he uses extensively to describe tone. The tonal outcomes of the mridangam are a result of the arrangement of two heads with differently structured interconnected membranes working in resonance with one another, and an asymmetrically hollow chamber in the middle where the sound waves created by striking the membranes reverberate. The tension on its right head contributes most to the particular pitch that the mridangam is tuned to, but all of the harmonics and overtones are created by the magic produced in the hands producing the right impulse on the head of the drum. The left head of the mridangam, also known as the thoppi, lays down the low frequency accents on the beat and is capable of pitch bending, which is a unique feature of Indian percussion instruments.

Given the mridangam has a sustained character of vibrations, it is possible to excite the drum and immediately make scientific observations about the frequencies produced. Much of the book is dedicated to the analysis of the drum’s frequency responses to percussive contact using a technique called the Fourier transform, named after its inventor, the French mathematician Joseph Fourier, who devised it for the study of recurrent sunspots. The book draws heavily from the germinal work of the Nobel laureate Sir CV Raman, whose work on the physics of Indian musical instruments is much less known than his other contributions to science.

In essence, all vibrating/oscillating forms have a periodic characteristic. Musical instruments and even the human voice produce tones that contain multiple frequencies all at once. The Fourier transform converts any signal from space and time into the frequency domain. In doing so, it identifies the power and amplitude at various frequencies in a

Umayalpuram K Sivaraman, T Ramasami, MD Naresh

232pp, ~1995

Academic Foundation periodic signal. Applying this Fourier transform to a mridangam sound can tell the scientist which frequencies in a signal carry the most power. UKS and his colleagues use this technique to identify the frequency characteristics of the mridangam by varying several parameters. This includes the materials used to construct the instrument (skin, tonewood), the length of the resonant chamber and its geometry, the layering of the attached surfaces of skin, and most importantly, the characteristics of the person playing the instrument. There is extensive scientific literature on the use of maple for the construction of violins, and spruce/mahogany/rosewood for acoustic guitars, with each of these tonewoods associated with qualities such as warmth, brightness, and sustain. The preferred wood for the construction of the optimal mridangam is jackwood, specific to certain regions of south India.

Most importantly, the analysis also identifies what makes a maestro like UKS get the perfect combination of harmonics and overtones from the instrument that novices can only dream of. It is often said that geniuses like the jazz saxophonist John Coltrane were able to produce sounds that did not even exist in their instrument. The science presented in this book confirms that UKS can bring out sounds from his instrument that no one else can.

Musical Excellence of Mridangam singlemindedly focuses upon technical aspects of the instrument and stays away from any sociocultural issues related to the forms of music that the instrument supports. The final chapter of the book focuses on the use of synthetic materials for the creation of an instrument that avoids the use of animal hide. The initial results from this new instrument show a lot of promise in terms of tonal similarity to the original instrument, and perhaps better harmonics.

In conclusion, this work aims to create a testable scientific legacy for the mridangam, and will be invaluable to a reader with an interest in combining the sciences and the arts with an interest in acoustics. There is also a much-needed call in the book for more scientific research on indigenous Indian instruments and traditions. While there exists a good bit of ethnomusicology research on Indian music, there is little on the science of Indian musical instruments. This book is an excellent first step towards building that knowledge base.

Ramesh Balasubramaniam is a Professor of Cognitive Science at the University of California, Merced. His research specializes in music

cognition