As PM-JAY health scheme expands, challenges lie ahead, vision needed
Ideally, the non-poor population should also be brought under the fold of the PM-JAY upon the payment of a premium. This would offer multiple benefits such as increasing the bargaining power of purchasers of care and so forth.
The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY), that entitles nearly 500 million poor and vulnerable people to free hospital care, completes its first year on September 23. It’s only fair to ask how the scheme has performed thus far.
A dashboard on PM-JAY’s website indicates that the scheme has empanelled a little over 18,000 hospitals, admitted 4.4 million beneficiaries and issued nearly 102 million ecards. However, none of these dashboard indicators in itself can be considered as an achievement. Give anything free to the needy and one can easily muster up numbers. Similarly, come up with a decent business proposition and one can easily attract any commercial establishment. What’s the big deal, one may ask?
The real achievement of the scheme, in my view, is actually in providing hospital benefits to 4.4 million people at the total expense of `7,500 crores, or at an average expense of only `17,000 per admission. This is clearly an achievement given that nearly 50 per cent of empanelled hospitals are private, which provided treatment to 62 per cent of the cases in the first year.
Low reimbursement rates together with a close watch on claims have kept the overall costs of the programme low. But maintaining a tight grip on the hospital reimbursement rates will continue to pose a challenge. At least till the time when strengthened public hospitals become a countervailing force to keep a check on the rates charged by the private hospitals. Though important, the reimbursement rate is only one of the challenges.
The other biggest challenge is to stabilise the scheme. Stabilising the scheme has a few dimensions. The first dimension has to do with the hospitalisation rate. In the first year, although the scheme’s coverage expanded progressively, nearly 45 persons in about every 5,000 beneficiaries availed of hospital benefits. This rate that comes to less than one per cent of total beneficiaries, is extremely low. Going by the experience of the erstwhile national scheme — the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana — the hospitalisation rate will climb with each successive year of implementation before getting stabilised. It’s difficult to predict the hospitalisation rate at which the scheme would stabilise. But it can easily climb between three to four per cent of total beneficiaries or even higher. Increase in the hospitalisation rate will pose the challenge of funding the scheme, particularly for the poorer states.
The second dimension of stabilisation has to do with the poorer states benefiting more from the scheme as they have higher shares of total beneficiaries. Currently, the richer states, having a lower share of beneficiaries, are the biggest users of the scheme. For example, states like Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka have benefited much more from the scheme than states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. Correcting this imbalance would require both demand side and supply side interventions. On the demand side, massive awareness generation campaigns are needed to inform the beneficiaries of their entitlements. On the supply side, care providers need to be incentivised to strengthen or build hospitals to provide quality care. Given the nature of demand and supply side interventions, achieving this stabilisation will easily take a few years.
The third dimension of stabilisation has to do with turning the risk-reward ratio against fraudsters. The National Health Authority (NHA) has confirmed nearly 1,200 cases of frauds that necessitated it to take action against nearly 340 hospitals. The NHA has developed a graded response to such cases, depending on the severity of fraud, which should provide effective deterrence. The graded response includes levying penalty, de-empanelling hospitals, naming and shaming the fraudsters, and so forth. These responses may require tweaking over time to make indulging in fraud an unattractive proposition for any agency involved.
The fourth dimension of stabilisation has to do with defining a clear policy for covering the non-poor. How does this have anything to do with the stabilisation of the scheme that is essentially for the poor and the vulnerable? Well, a sizable part of the population remains outside the ambit of the scheme that offers a limited scope of profitability to hospital care providers. Given that the majority of the empanelled hospitals under the PM-JAY are private and most of these are for-profit hospitals, they can easily shift the burden of profitability on those outside of the PM-JAY. If this happens, which is highly likely, it will increase the financial burden for the non-poor seeking hospital care.
The middle class households whose income earning members work in the unorganised sector would be the worst hit. Most of them pay for hospitalisation expenses directly out of their own pocket. No one should underestimate the ability of private hospitals to resort to creative methods to shift the burden of profitability on the uninsured. Ironically then, financial protection to the poor would mean an increased financial burden for the nonpoor. And this shift in burden happens at the hospital level, driven by their considerations for higher profitability.
Ideally, the non-poor population should also be brought under the fold of the PM-JAY upon the payment of a premium. This would offer multiple benefits: provide financial protection also to the non-poor, prevent hospitals from shifting the financial burden, increase the bargaining power of purchasers of care and so forth.
The above four dimensions of stability indicate the key challenges that lie ahead. Typically, it takes several years for any government-sponsored health insurance programme to reach a certain level of stability and maturity. For example, South Korea’s social health insurance system took nearly 12 years to expand coverage from less than 10 per cent of its population in 1977 to covering majority of its population by 1989. To give a more recent example, Indonesia switched over from a fragmented (multiple payer) system that covered nearly 50 per cent of its population in 2014 to an integrated (single payer) social health security system with the aim of covering the entire population by 2019.
India’s PM-JAY needs an overarching vision, goal and a roadmap that can galvanise the thinking and efforts of all stakeholders towards it. As the stakeholders celebrate the first anniversary of the PM-JAY, they must develop an overarching vision and goal as well as not lose sight of the various challenges that lie ahead.
The writer is a development economist formerly with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the World Bank