You can turn off urge to drink
Researchers have discovered out how to induce alcohol-seeking behaviour by altering the strength of connections between particular neurons. The work may offer clues about how to curb the urge to drink. About 15.1 million American adults have alcohol use disorder, meaning they cannot stop drinking despite adverse consequencesin other words, they have what is commonly called alcoholism.
Although it has been known that alterations in the connections between neurons in the brain likely play a role in alcohol dependence and other addictions, the cause-and-effect between these brain alterations and behaviour has been less clear.
“We found that by applying a long-term potentiation protocol to animal models, we could directly induce a persistent change in their drinking behaviour,” says lead study author Jun Wang, assistant professor at the Texas A&M College of Medicine.
Long-term potentiation is thought to be the basis of all learning and memory. It is the strengthening of synapsesthe connections between neurons-based on sustained patterns of activity. In some cases, alcohol consumption may facilitate the strengtheningbut Wang and his colleagues found a way around that.
Wang and his team mimicked the effect of alcohol with optogenetics, in which specially implanted proteins sensitive to light can be rapidly turned on and off within the brain. This process stimulates neuronal activity and essentially recreates the learning and memory that comes from actually performing an activity. Either way, it results in changes to the strength of synapses.
What is more exciting, however, is that Wang and his team were able to reverse the alcohol-mediated synaptic strengthening by reversing the process. They did so with the opposite of long-term potentiation-what they call longterm depression-and decreased drinking behaviour.
These changes affected particular neurons called D1, which Wang’s earlier research indicated could tell the brain to keep drinking. He calls them the “go” neurons. Other neurons, called D2, do the opposite, and when they are activated, they give the signal to “stop drinking.”