Using a laser to wirelessly charge a smartphone safely across a room
Although mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones let us communicate, work and access information wirelessly, their batteries must still be charged by plugging them in to an outlet.
But engineers at the University of Washington (UW) have for the first time developed a method to safely charge a smartphone wirelessly using a laser, according to phys.org.
As the team reported in a paper published in the Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, a narrow, invisible beam from a laser emitter can deliver charge to a smartphone sitting across a room — and can potentially charge a smartphone as quickly as a standard USB cable.
To accomplish this, the team mounted a thin power cell to the back of a smartphone, which charges the smartphone using power from the laser.
In addition, the team custom-designed safety features — including a metal, flat-plate heatsink on the smartphone to dissipate excess heat from the laser, as well as a reflectorbased mechanism to shut off the laser if a person tries to move in the charging beam’s path.
Coauthor Shyam Gollakota, an associate professor in the UW’S Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, said, “Safety was our focus in designing this system.
“We have designed, constructed and tested this laser-based charging system with a rapid-response safety mechanism, which ensures that the laser emitter will terminate the charging beam before a person comes into the path of the laser.”
Gollakota and coauthor Arka Majumdar, a UW assistant professor of physics and electrical engineering, led the team that designed this wireless charging system and its safety features.
Majumdar said, “In addition to the safety mechanism that quickly terminates the charging beam, our platform includes a heatsink to dissipate excess heat generated by the charging beam.
“These features give our wireless charging system the robust safety standards needed to apply it to a variety of commercial and home settings.”
The charging beam is generated by a laser emitter that the team configured to produce a focused beam in the nearinfrared spectrum.
The safety system that shuts off the charging beam centers on low-power, harmless laser ‘guard beams’, which are emitted by another laser source colocated with the charging laser-beam and physically ‘surround’ the charging beam.
Custom 3D printed ‘retroreflectors’ placed around the power cell on the smartphone reflect the guard beams back to photodiodes on the laser emitter.
The guard beams deliver no charge to the phone themselves, but their reflection from the smartphone back to the emitter allows them to serve as a ‘sensor’ for when a person will move in the path of the guard beam.
The researchers designed the laser emitter to terminate the charging beam when any object — such as part of a person’s body — comes into contact with one of the guard beams.
The blocking of the guard beams can be sensed quickly enough to detect the fastest motions of the human body, based on decades of physiological studies.
Gollakota said, “The guard beams are able to act faster than our quickest motions because those beams are reflected back to the emitter at the speed of light.
“As a result, when the guard beam is interrupted by the movement of a person, the emitter detects this within a fraction of a second and deploys a shutter to block the charging beam before the person can come in contact with it.”
Majumdar added, “The next generation of nano-scale optical devices are expected to operate with gigahertz frequency, which could reduce the shutter’s response time to nanoseconds.”
The beam charges the smartphone via a power cell mounted on the back of the phone.
A narrow beam can deliver a steady 2W of power to 15 square-inch area from a distance of up to 4.3 meters.
But the emitter can be modified to expand the charging beam’s radius to an area of up to 100 square centimeters from a distance of 12 meters.
This extension means that the emitter could be aimed at a wider charging surface, such as a counter or tabletop, and charge a smartphone placed anywhere on that surface.
The researchers programmed the smartphone to signal its location by emitting high-frequency acoustic ‘chirps’.
These are inaudible to our ears, but sensitive enough for small microphones on the laser emitter to pick up.
Co-lead author Vikram Iyer, a UW doctoral student in electrical engineering, said, “This acoustic localization system ensures that the emitter can detect when a user has set the smartphone on the charging surface, which can be an ordinary location like a table across the room.”
When the emitter detects the smartphone on the desired charging surface, it switches on the laser to begin charging the battery.
Co-lead author Elyas Bayati, a UW doctoral student in electrical engineering, said, “The beam delivers charge as quickly as plugging in your smartphone to a USB port.
“But instead of plugging your phone in, you simply place it on a table.”
To ensure that the charging beam does not overheat the smartphone, the team also placed thin aluminum strips on the back of the smartphone around the power cell.
These strips act as a heatsink, dissipating excess heat from the charging beam and allowing the laser to charge the smartphone for hours.
They even harvested a small amount of this heat to help charge the smartphone — by mounting a nearly-flat thermoelectric generator above the heatsink strips.
The researchers believe that their robust safety and heat-dissipation features could enable wireless, laserbased charging of other devices, such as cameras, tablets and even desktop computers.
If so, the pre-bedtime task of plugging in your smartphone, tablet or laptop may someday be replaced with a simpler ritual: Placing it on a table.