THE FIVE GYNAECOLOGICAL CANCERS

1

WOMB CANCER (AKA UTERINE OR ENDOMETRIAL CANCER) The most common gynae cancer and fourth most common cancer in women, it mostly affects postmenopausal women. The biggest risk factor is obesity. SIGNS Vaginal bleeding and discharge (from bright red blood to watery pink, or brown discharge) more than a year after periods have stopped; between periods in younger women; after sex.

2

OVARIAN CANCER This affects women of any age, but is most common after menopause. Women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer or who carry the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene are at increased risk. SIGNS Persistent (more than three weeks) abdominal bloating; changes in bowel habits; feeling full after eating small amounts; needing to pass urine more frequently.

3

CERVICAL CANCER About 300 women are diagnosed wtih this cancer each year, which is mostly caused by HPV (human papillomavirus) infection. From age 25, all women can have a free smear test to detect HPV. If positive, the patient can be closely monitored. Girls aged 12 and 13 are offered HPV vaccinations. SIGNS Bleeding between periods or after sex, even if a smear test has been normal.

4

VULVAL CANCER This rare form of cancer on the lips of skin outside the vagina is on the rise in younger women. If diagnosed early, it can be managed effectively. SIGNS A small lump or skin changes on the vulva.

5

VAGINAL CANCER A very rare skin cancer, it is mostly found in women aged over 60 and may also be linked to HPV. SIGNS Pain, soreness or itchiness inside the vagina; bleeding during or after sex; smelly or blood-stained discharge.